Chemical potential

Synapses are the basic functional units in Central Nervous System (CNS). The synapses enable neuron-to-neuron communication via releasing and uptake of neurotransmitters. The synapse formation is modulated by specialized CNS cell type, glia. The glia modulates neuronal function via synapse formation, modification and elimination and, the glia even affects reorganization of neuronal circuit. Understanding cellular and molecular interactions of these glial cells is of great importance because they…

the students of the class, went relatively well. In this lab, we teste the theory of the conservation of energy. The kinetic energy at the bottom of the ramp should equal the potential energy at the top of the ramp without regard to the path taken. Thus, for method 1, the equations for kinetic energy (1/2mv²) and potential gravitational energy (U_g=mgh) were used. For the second method, the concepts and formulas for constant acceleration was used in conjunction with the equation for kinetic…

It has been established for more than 40 years that Cl- is not passively distributed in gastrointestinal smooth muscle (Aickin et al 1983, Barajas Lopez et al 1989, Casteels 1971, El-Sharkawy and Daniel 1975 p1278,) and that there is a complex relationship between the distribution and transport of Cl- and the distribution and transport of other ions including Na+, K+ and Ca2+, as well as responses to changes in pH and osmolarity. The full complement of Cl- ion transporters and Cl- selective…

The search for "energy capsule" made me get acquainted with such a mysterious phenomenon of nature, Ball lightning. In truth, no one yet knows exactly drive it or not. But I'm with some degree of risk still decided to consider a Ball lightning energy accumulator. Here is a brief those characteristics of ball lightning, which are made by scientists on the basis of a large number of eyewitnesses: the energy contained in the lightning - from 0.1 to 4 kWh; lifetime - from several seconds to minutes;…

important to examine the ways that this disorder can be controlled. Low potassium diets, regular turnout, and a constant schedule have been shown to effectively manage the condition of Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis. The role of potassium in action potentials, as well as in muscular contraction, is reviewed. Also investigated is the ideal way to feed a horse affected with this condition. In recent years, a new condition in the performance horse industry has surfaced which is affecting the…

side of the dam. This relatively higher elevation is what gives the water the potential energy to turn the turbine when it begins to flow ("Hydroelectric Energy."). Potential energy is calculated by the force due to gravity multiplied by the change in height of the matter. So, a reservoir of just 10 cubic meters of water that is 50 meters above the river on the other side and flowing at just 1 meter per second, has a potential power of 49,000 watts for every second that it flows. Under these…

Long ago, a man named Yugong (foolish man) lived in a house sitting behind two giant mountains. One morning, Yugong started taking rocks away from the mountains and told his neighbors that he was going to move them because they were blocking his way. One of his neighbors, known as Zhisou (wise man) heard the story and laughed: “Have you seen the sizes of the mountains? How could you ever have them moved?” Yugong answered, “I will just get it started. My children will continue; so will my…

when a neuron is activated (sends out an electrical impulse). Activation of a neuron takes place when the neuron is stimulated by pressure, heat, light, or chemical information from other cells. Each neuron receives an impulse and must pass it on to the next neuron and make sure the correct impulse continues on its path. Through a chain of chemical events, the dendrites (a short…

Potassium channels (KC) are selective transmembrane proteins that allow K+ ions flow down an electrochemical gradient across cell membrane, thus controlling plasma membrane potential in both excitable and non-excitable cells (Szabo, Zoratti&Gulbins, 2010). Evolutionarily conserved KC family is one of the larges and most diverse of ion channels (Table1). Its diversity comes not only from a large number of genes coding for main subunits (over 80 mammalian genes). Many other processes such as…

postsynaptic nerve terminal (the dorsal horn neuron)[1]. Specifically activation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA)-type and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors lead to depolarization and the generation of action potentials which transmits the pain impulses through ascending pathways (e.g. spinothalamic tract ) to the brain. Neuropeptides like substance P are also released into the synapse and have been shown to prolong the depolarization wave elicited by…