Chemical potential

and how does it work? In order to fully understand the all-or-nothing principle, one must first know what an action potential is and its relevance to the all-or-nothing principle. Therefore, an action potential is a very short wave of positive electrical charge that travels down an axon. In connection to the all-or-nothing principle, it is important to know that the action potential obeys the all-or-nothing principle. The all-or-nothing principle states that when a positive electrical charge…

. Neuromodulators are messengers released by neurons that can control the activity of neurons without specifically causing a depolarization or hyperpolarization. They are found in the central nervous system, and they affect certain groups of neurons or effector cells that have the appropriate receptors. However, neuromodulators can be used to treat epilepsy, other pain syndromes and even certain movement disorders. Examples of neuromodulators are as follows; a. Noradrenaline (Noradrenaline…

Sonogenetics is the use of ultrasonic soundwaves to control neurons to activate or deactivate cells. This can also be done through electrical currents or light (optogenetics). But, the issue with optogenetics, according to the website ZME Science’s article Ultrasounds used to control neurons in a worm's brain by Tibi Puiu is that light is unable to go through the body like sound can. Neuroscientists need a way to activate singular neurons reliably, specifically ones in deep inside the brain.…

Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy Math Exploration 2/14/2018 Part 1: Finding Kinetic and Potential Energy Directions: For each situation, you need to determine if the object has KE or GPE or both. Then find their values. Be sure to include the correct units. 1. A 2-kg bowling ball sits on top of a building that is 40 meters tall. Circle one: KE / GPE / both Show your work for finding the values of each type of energy the object has: The ball is not moving and is at a height above…

Neuroscientists at the John Hopkins University School of Medicine were able to determine that a group of cells found in the adult brain remain highly active by transforming into insulating nerve fibers. These nerve fibers then formed scars that contributed to tissue repair when they were artificially inserted into a group of mice. Their work brings to light how these multifunctional cells communicate with one another in the central nervous system (CNS), also known as the brain and spinal cord.…

g a description of origin, course, and termination, as well as an explanation of how they relate to LMNs. Motor commands generated in the CNS travel on upper motor neurons (UMN) and synapse with lower motor neurons (LMN) to send messages to the muscles of the body. UMNs are first-order neurons, they do not leave the central nervous system. The pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts consist of UMNs. Since UMN do not leave the neuraxis they have to synapse with LMN to carry messages to the muscles.…

The sodium-potassium pumps is a plasma membrane transport protein and serve to push an ion into a cell against its concentration gradient. This type of action is known as active transport because it needs the energy to be able to move the ions against their concentration gradient. Generally, the solutes being pushed in or out of a cell will go from a low concentration gradient to a high concentration gradient. The sodium-potassium pump is crucial to kidney function, nerve signaling, and heart…

I. Introduction Action potentials are generated as a result of a neuron’s membrane reaching a specific threshold. In order to reach this threshold, a cell must depolarize. Typically, cells depolarize with the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels. During the rising phase of the action potential, these channels allow positive sodium ions to flow into the cell in what is called the depolarization phase. The flow of these ions into the cell is often referred to as the sodium current. Once the…

Negative Energy Alec Li, Sydney Osugi Period 2, AP Physics  The term positive energy encompasses light, matter and antimatter. While positive energy is created through the collision of electrons and their positron counterparts, collisions with negative energy and matter result in nothing. Negative energy is the concept that there is a region of space that is able to “contain less than nothing … can be less than zero”(`Negative Energy'' Solutions: Hole Theory). The law of the conservation…

In human History the use of water has been used for a thousand years the starting point of creating energy using water has been in progress for centuries from theory to experimentation, and in real life possible applications. It gave birth in modern time as Hydroelectricity a term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. In engineer’s eye’s it is a debatable energy source due to…