Chemical laser

derivative of the amino acid -carboxamide (VFCA-I toVII ) synthesized through coupling of N-Phthaloyl amino acid chloride derivative (2a-2g- synthesis reported in chapter-1) with 1-(2-amino-1-(4-methoxyphenyl) ethyl)cyclohexanol (VF-II). All the chemicals used are of laboratory grade and purchased from local commercial suppliers and used without further purification. Melting points determined…

Introduction and Overview: For this extended essay, I will be working on building and optimizing different sized water rockets to find out the optimum amount of fuel (water) for each the different rocket sizes. I will be measuring the ranges at which each rocket will fly to find out the optimum fuel level. A brief summary of water rockets: A water rocket is made up of a selection of parts to provide its successful launch: the nose cone which will make the rather snub-nosed end of the large…

1. Redox Catalyst Catalyst is defined as a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without changing its chemical composition and affecting the standard Gibbs free energy, by lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction. It does so by providing an alternative reaction pathway. In redox reaction, the key chemical event is the net movement of electrons from one reactant to the other. The oxidation state of atoms are changed. Transition metal is used as redox catalyst due…

Demitri Mendeleeve was a Russian chemist who invented the first periodic table in 1869. The periodic table he made was very different from the modern day periodic table we know today. Henry Moseley updated Mendeleev's version of the periodic table in 1915. This is more like the periodic table that we know and use today. The only difference is that there has been many more elements added. Mendeleeve also had predicted a lot of the characteristics and properties of elements that would fill up…

1. Chemical reactions involved in the oxidation of benzene (adapted from Lupușor et al., 1981) In order to achieve such an analysis, a simplified mathematical model of the reactor was used considering a pseudo-homogeneous, one-dimensional, plug-flow reactor. Model equations are presented in the Table 1 in terms of the mass balance of the considered chemical species, heat and moment balance, with the rate constants given in Table…

3.1. Chemical composition and monosaccharide analysis Polysaccharide molecules are linked together by water molecules through hydrogen bonds in an aqueous solution. Adding ethanol into aqueous solution of polysaccharide initially dehydrate polysaccharides, enhance intra-molecular hydrogen bonding, cause conformational change and aggregation of polysaccharide molecules, and eventually leads to the precipitation of macromolecular chains, and the following addition of alcohol solvent gradually…

2. Materials and methods 2.1. Chemicals Zingerone was obtained from Alfa Aesar, Heysham, UK. Cisplatin, Bradford reagent, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), reduced glutathione (GSH), glacial metaphosphoric acid (Gmpa), 5,5ˊ-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), proteinase K and agarose were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co, MO, USA. All other chemicals and solvents used were of the highest purity grade available. 2.2. Animals Sixty Adult male albino rats (180-200g) were…

In this model no any chemical reaction is considered.(Barba et al.) modelled gasification by considering it to occur in two steps, in the first of which the biomass is decomposed at high temperature to give primary gas and carbonaceous residue and in the second there is modification…

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a system that automatically adjusting hydrogen peroxıde Colloıdal-Ag dose to reduce colonization and growth of heterotrophic bacteria in dental unit waterlines and wastewaters. Thirty dental units were assigned into three groups with respect to the protocol employed: Group 1: 10 units were selected for automatic administration. Group 2: 10 units were selected for manual administration and Group 3: 10 units served as controls. Water…

3.6 Sorption isotherms The experimental adsorption equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and D-R isotherms. The sorption data was analyzed using linear form of all the isotherm equations Models having high correlation coefficient (R2 ) values are considered best fit to represent the sorption data. The Freundlich isotherm holds for multilayer non-ideal adsorption on heterogeneous surface and is represented by the following empirical equation: qe = KF Ce 1/n Where,…