Chemical bonding

the element essential for life on Earth. Understanding the fundamental characteristics of water is important for both scientific and practical reasons. Hence, this paper deals the origin of the water on Earth, molecular characteristics of water and chemical bonds, influences of temperature, conductivity and salinity, and water cycle and constituents. There are multiple theories about the origin of water on Earth, and all the theories suggest that the water come from outer space. The universe…

Research Paper John Murray like most scientists was not really appreciated while he was an alive but his discoveries were a major help after he died. He lived in a time that scientific discoveries were plentiful so it was extremely east for something like the study of oceanography to be overlooked. His discoveries lead to him being called the father of Oceanography (Sir John Murray-Founder of Oceanography). He was born in Canada in 1841 to Scottish parents. He soon moved to Edinburgh,…

In order to survive under several environmental influences, animals must possess biological mechanisms which enable them to regulate and maintain their internal environment. Temperature is one of abiotic factors that are inexorably linked to every animal’s physiological functions since it is considered a strong source of selective pressure on animals (Miller, 2010). Animals are categorized into thermoregulators and thermoconformers based on their mechanisms to maintain their internal environment…

students used enzymes as catalysts in order to speed up the reaction processes involved in several tests. Enzymes are substances produced by living organisms that act as a catalyst, while a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of the chemical reaction. Furthermore, varying amounts of pH and enzymes were added to the mixture in order to determine the substance’s rate of reaction. When the reaction occurs, students are supposed to study and observe it until the substance becomes…

Purpose To investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of the thiosulphate reaction. Hypothesis If the temperature increases, then the rate of the thiosulphate reaction will also increase. Variables Independent variable: Temperature change in each experiment, which will be varied by increasing the temperature by 10°C each time. Dependent Variable: Rate of reaction, which will be measured by measuring the time taken for the cross to not be visible. Constants: Concentration of HCl and…

Painful procedures and pain management is a common topic when animal welfare is concerned. Why are painful procedures used on livestock? Increased safety for animals and handlers, treatment of injury and disease, production of desired products, and identification are all reasons. Procedures such as castration, tail docking, clipping of needle teeth, and ear notching/tagging have all been recognized as painful procedures in the swine industry. Many people are now asking, “If these procedures are…

I predict that the higher the temperature of the solution the faster the reaction will take place because the particles will collide more when the temperature rises. The aim of this experiment was to test if the temperature affects the rate of reaction between hypo and dilute hydrochloric acid? How does temperature affect the rate of reaction between hypo and dilute hydrochloric acid? The kinetic particle theory explains the properties of different states of matter. The particles in solids,…

metal resulting from reactions with chemicals in its environment. The oxygen oxidizes with the metal, and the sodium help speed up the corrosion process. The presence of oxygen and electrolytes (Sodium – Na) in sample number 2 make it more…

EXSS 2025 Motor Control and Learning Experiment 4: Reaction, Movement& Response Time in Decision-Making Tasks I. Question 3: (i) Why are multiple repeated trials in each task required (ii) Why do we need to complete checks on the data (identify errors etc)? (iii) Why was there a variable fore-period between the start of a trial and the appearance of a stimulus in the tasks? (iv) Why was randomization necessary from Task 1b onwards? (v) Why was 80%(congruent) vs 20%(incongruent) split used in…

0.20 g of adsorbent was added to 20 mL of 50 mg/L dye solution and Vortex at 150 rpm for various time intervals at 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, minutes. The above steps were repeated using dye concentrations of 100, 150 and 200 mg/L dye solutions. Adsorbent dosage is an important parameter because it determines the capacity of adsorbent for a given initial concentration of dye molecules. Then their % absorbance’s were calculated by spectrophotometer (λmax=410) and thus amount adsorbed were calculated.…