Cell wall

Gene crossover, the exchange of genetic material between two homologous chromosomes, can be observed in many different instances with the help of model organisms. Many scientists observe gene crossover to better comprehend the heritability patterns of unrelated genes (Chen and Olive, 1965). In the case of this experiment, the use of Sodaria allowed students to observe the inheritance pattern of two different phenotypes when crossed in a a petri dish (Saleem, et al., 2001). Sordaria, a…

Yong, Ed. “Fish Watches Food. Scientists Watch Fish’s Thoughts”. National Geographic 31 January 2013, 1-2. In the article "Fish Watches Food. Scientists Watch Fish’s Thoughts”, by Ed Yong, Japanese scientists modified a larval zebrafish’s neurons to produce a bright green glow whenever they fire by injecting a jellyfish protein called GFP which gives a bright green glow when neurons pass signals to one another allowing the scientists to see its brain activity. Since larval zebrafishes’ bodies…

Nicholas Staropoli is the associate director of the Genetic Literacy Project. He has a Master of Arts in biology from DePaul University and has a Bachelors of Science degree in biomedical science from Marist College. The article, “With Global Gene Editing Slowing Down, What’s the Future of ‘Designer Babies?,’” states that not enough research has been done to safely edit the genes of human embryos. While scientists have an idea about which genes control certain traits such as body type, many…

minuscule proportions; predominantly when observing eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. A pathologist for example is a physician who examines cells and tissues to help other physicians make…

Achondroplasia Achondroplasia is a form of short-limbed dwarfism. GENE: The FGFR3 gene makes a protein called fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. The function of the protein from the gene is involved in transforming cartilage into bone. FGFR3 is the only gene known to be related with achondroplasia. There is also a receptor called tyrosine kinase. It negatively regulates the growth plate activity and stright bone growth. All people who have only a single copy of the normal FGFR3 gene and a…

In rolling circle replication, a nicking protein called relaxase identifies a specific sequence on the DNA and makes a “nick” or cut at that location. The nick is created by the protein and allows the DNA to unwind and continue the process. Once the DNA opens forming an open complex from there a lagging strand will develop along the 3’ template strand due to the polarity and orientation of the strands. A leading strand will emerge and DNA polymerase enlists nucleotides to pair with the exposed…

suggests, Chloroplast organelles were also once f8-living bacteria ("Endosymbiosis and The Origin of Eukaryotes", 2016). Given that the first eukaryotic cell evolved monGan a billion years ago (Cooper, 2000) these organelles are now entirely reliant on their host cells. For instance, many integral proteins are delivered from the rest of the cell to the mitochondrion whilst the genes that code these…

The checkpoints in the cell cycle There are several checkpoints the eukaryote cell cycle that controls the cells from proceeding from one to the next phase of the cell cycle. The point where the cells start to enter the cell cycle is at the G1 checkpoint, which is also known as the restriction checkpoint. At this point, the Retinoblastoma interacts with the E2F, which is the transcription factor to make cyclin E causes the E2F to be inhibited upon interaction. Cells with damaged DNA get…

The researchers, Thomas Bouchard, David Lykken, and their colleagues at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis were seeking the answer to how much influence your genes have in determining your personal psychological qualities. They found that identical twins reared apart and those reared together had very similar degrees of correlation. Despite the different lives identical twins raised apart had experienced, their correlations of physiological characteristics, intelligence, personality,…

modification. Chromatin is a substance inside of a chromosome comprising of DNA and protein. The DNA conveys the cell's hereditary guidelines. The major proteins in chromatin are histones, which bundle the DNA in a conservative frame that fits in the cell core. Changes in chromatin structure are connected with DNA replication and quality expression (Simmons, 2008). Acetyl groups, proteins and some RNA are a great influence and…