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Genetics To Down Syndrome Genetics describes the makeup of our cells, genes, chromosomes, and phenotypes. When there is alter in a gene or a duplication of a chromosome, it can lead to a certain diseases. One of the main diseases known today from a duplication of a chromosome is Down syndrome. John Down first put a name to Down syndrome in 1866, but artifacts from Mexico and Saxon documented some cases of Down syndrome in individuals, and also some were found in paintings of the Renaissance in…

This globular protein has four domains, each containing binding sites for ATP as well as an ion, usually calcium or magnesium, deep in the cleft between subunits 2 and 4. (2) Figure 1. X-ray structure of rabbit muscle G-actin in complex with ATP and a Ca2+ ion. Included in this protein is a C-terminus and N-terminus…

bound and active GTP bound forms & are critical for cell proliferation, Survival & differentiation. Ras can activate downstream effectors including PI3K-AKT-mTOR and RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK…

(Demain 1981). These micro organism live in a highly diverse environment ranging from hot springs to deep ocean sediments. In the hyper diverse environment where one can find a specialized and unique biological niche is the intracellular space between cells of higher plants acts as suite and supports the growth of microbes and the one which grows there is called as endophytes (Strobel and Daisy 2003).  Endophytes The word endophyte literally means “In the plant” (Gr. endon = within; phyton =…

person’s body. The enzymes that are being infused are the ones needed to break down substances. After enzyme infusion is done, the enzyme is supposed to bind to the terminal mannose residues. Then, the residues bind to the mannose receptors and other cells of the reticuloendothelial system. Finally, the enzyme goes to the lysosome by endosomes and it’s now able to breakdown the accumulated substances (Grubb, Sly et al, 2010, p.…

Prokaryotes There are two types of organisms based cell types: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are divided into two parts: Bacteria and Archaea. Prokaryotes are much smaller than eukaryotes. Prokaryotes contain a single loop of chromosomal DNA which is stored in nucleoid. Eukaryotes DNA is found on tightly bound and organised chromosomes. Genetic expression is the process where genotypes coded in the genes are displayed by the phenotypes of the individuals. The DNA is then copied…

1. Francis Crick Crick discovered the relative distances of the repetitive elements in the DNA molecule, and the dimensions of the monoclinic unit cell which indicated that the molecule was in two matching parts, running in opposite directions. He also, in collaboration with Watson discovered the material that our genes are made of and put forward the model of the double helix DNA structure which included the measurements of the angels formed by different chemical bonds. Crick in collaboration…

bases that happen successively (Weinhold, 2006). It is a profoundly specific process that consistently happens in areas that a cytosine nucleotide is situated beside a guanine nucleotide, which is connected to a phosphate. This is better known as a CpG site, which is methylated by chemicals called DNA methyltransferases. By introducing methyl groups, it makes the structure and the appearance of the DNA change without really adjusting the DNA arrangement. Simmons stated that sometimes in some…

daughter strands of DNA have been produced, it is time to proofread and repair the DNA sequence. This process is so important because any mistake in DNA replication can result to DNA mutation and will lead to various genetic diseases such as sickle cell anaemia, Huntington’s disease and many more (Cooper, 2000). Thus, the accuracy of DNA replication cannot be attributed solely to the specificity of the base pairing. According to Khan Academy (2017), to avert the mistake from happening, an enzyme…

Introduction Information processing is crucial in all fields of science. In molecular biology, the central dogma, first devised by Francis Crick, is a classical backbone of living cells to essentially perform the processes from cell division to death through the DNA, RNA, and protein information ways. More specifically, the central dogma defines the transfer of sequence information during DNA replication, transcription into RNA, and translation into amino-acid chains forming proteins. It also…