Aspergillus nidulans: One of the lesser known pathogen of the aspergilli group, A. nidulans is a model filamentous fungus widely used for studying eukaryotic cell biology (Galagan et al., 2005). A. nidulans possesses a phospholipid-hydrolyzing novel cPLA2 protein, PlaA, which shows maximum similarity to mammalian-type cPLA2 proteins (α, β, γ) (Hong et al., 2005). Like the three isoforms of human cPLA2 proteins, A. nidulans PlaA also consists of two separate catalytic domainsA and B, and…
efficiently change the internal organization of the cell, and capture organelles through the cytosol. Intermediate filaments are made up of the protein keratin. Their primary function is to strengthen the internal structure of a cell. Microfilaments are the smallest among the three cytoskeletal filaments. They consist of protein actin. Microfilaments are dynamic structures that can rapidly disassemble or assemble themselves, and thus microfilaments enable the cell to move efficiently. Cilia and…
have multiple binding modes for orthosteric and allosteric ligands, and the propensity of many GPCRs to form dimers or higher order oligomers gives further possibilities for allosteric control. Allosteric ligands bind to a topographically distinct site on a receptor to modulate orthosteric ligand affinity or efficacy. The conformational change enables the inactive G protein, associated with the GPCR on the intracellular side, to exchange its bound GDP for GTP, activating it, causing the bound G…
hypersensitivity response to sequestered living, dying or dead ova, that are trapped in tissues during the peri-intestinal migration or after embolization in the liver. Soluble egg antigen (SEA) and proteolytic enzymes released by ova provoke granulomatous cell-mediated immune response, with recruitment of eosinophils, granuloma formation and liver fibrosis (Cheever et al., 2000; Wynn et al., 2004). In schistosomiasis, Th2-type cytokine production becomes predominant eight weeks post infection,…
water enters the cell because it is hypotonic to its environment. As a result, they need to use contractile vacuoles to get rid of excess water in the cell, enabling it to osmoregulate. Compare the ideal osmotic environment for animal cells and plant cells The ideal osmotic environment for animal cells would be if it were isotonic, meaning the cell and the environment have the same concentration of solutes and water, so the cell won’t change. The ideal osmotic environment for plant cells would…
That is how I think of Biology, the smallest thing like a cell can do some impressive things. Biology being the study of life gives us an endless reality of changing and learning the ways of life. Taking the smallest thing like a cell has the power to change everything. The cell’s power can be used for good or for bad. Cells have the capabilities to cure the most invasive diseases. Us humans, for instance, is such a complex organism cell growing, reproducing and then dying and starting all over…
All cells are derived from pre-existing cells - through the process of meiosis and mitosis 4. In a multicellular organism, the activity of the entire organism depends on the total activity of its independent cells 3 Significance of technological advances to developments in the cell theory Assess the impact of technology including the development of the microscope on the development of the cell theory The development of cell theory has been heavily impacted by the improvement of technology. The…
dedifferentiation. (Satoh et al 2010). The blastema is formed from progenitor cells in the uninjured limb by re-expressing embryonic genes. The origin of these blastema cells are controversial, as many have a hypothesis of where are originally derived. (Whited & Tabin 2009). For instance, Aguilar et al (2015) suggests that the formation of the blastema is dependent on nerve signaling that recruits undifferentiated mesenchymal cells that interact with wound epithelium that induce keratinocytes…
detect tiny molecules cells and subcellular structures that turn out to be the most important thing structures for of every living creature on this planet which are cells. The cell theory states every living organism is made up of cells and that all cells arise from preexisting cells Cell structure is highly complex with many internal structures. Cells contain the instructions for our genetic makeup and errors in these instructions are called mutations. Cells emerge from parent cells, inheriting…
There are roughly thirty-seven trillion cells present in the human body. Each of these cells have a specific function to perform like propagating one’s genes or carrying oxygen towards the different parts of the body. Some of these cells make up the skeletal system which is comprised of two hundred and seven different bones. Some of these cells make up the various organs in the body like the lungs and the heart. Some of these cells are responsible for the organs responsible for procreation, the…