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digest the cell wall of bacteria. Bacteria have been increasingly gaining resistance to antibiotics and lysins have been used in animal models to control these specific bacteria. Scientists may need these lysins to stop bacteria from becoming more and more resistant to antibiotics. Bacteria is infected by bacteriophage when it inserts itself into the cell. The lytic system weakens the cell wall and this creates bacterial lysis. Due to this, the bacteriophage has a place to exit the cell…

which makes it possible to identify genes that gives rise to phenotypic effects when they are switched off, and also helps to analyze the effects of these genes in cells or complete organisms. The first step in the gene trap process is to integrate an artificially constricted DNA into a genome of a cell line, usually an embryonic stem (ES) cell line. To carry out this…

suggests, Chloroplast organelles were also once f8-living bacteria ("Endosymbiosis and The Origin of Eukaryotes", 2016). Given that the first eukaryotic cell evolved monGan a billion years ago (Cooper, 2000) these organelles are now entirely reliant on their host cells. For instance, many integral proteins are delivered from the rest of the cell to the mitochondrion whilst the genes that code these…

into surrounding tissue (121). Key players that help mediate necrosis include ROS, Calcium ions, poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase (PARP), and lysosomal proteases (888). PARP is an enzyme that is responsible for repairing DNA damage, such as strand breaks. Cells that have undergone a traumatic cellular insult typically have damaged DNA. PARP will deplete cellular ATP in an attempt to repair the massive damage to DNA. Several proteases are activated by increased cellular calcium ion concentration that…

organization within cells is a complex and sophisticated process. This high level of complexity is due to the hundreds of thousands of interactions that can be enabled through organization. It is a known that promoter elements and enhancer elements work in unison to regulate gene expression. Often times enhancers are found hundreds of kilo-bases away from their interacting promoter elements. These enhancers initiate promoter activation via interactions amongst transcription factor binding…

Jorunal #2 Molecules and Cells 1. During the first weeks of Bio 001 lectures, we discussed “what it means to be alive”, and then we discussed the concept of “emergent properties” in the origin of functional molecules and cells. What is meant by “emergent properties” in biology? In biology, emergent properties are when parts of an organism interact with one another to perform a specific function. It is important to note that an emergent property is not exhibited by one part alone. Usually,…

microorganisms are cells that are undifferentiated which imply that they don't have a particular employment or even capacity. While skin cells secure our body, muscle cells contract and nerve cells send signals. Undifferentiated cells don't have a particular structure or capacity henceforth they can possibly turn into an assortment of cells in the body, similar to the ones recorded over, a liver cell, a bone cell, pluripotent foundational microorganism, platelet, and fat cell. The body utilizes…

The skin consists of three main layers including epidermis, dermis and subcutis that are responsible for its high turnover capacity in repairing different injuries. Similar to other tissues, the stem cells existed in skin tissue play an important role in regulating the balance between cell loss and cell division [22, 23]. siRNA therapeutics are potent alternative for skin regeneration due to their accessibility in the body [24]. Skin repair based on siRNA therapy have yielded promising results…

is the cell theory significant (don’t just state the tenets, explain what it means and why it is a theory)? The cell theory is significant because of it’s three basic ideals or principles. The first is that all organisms are made from cells. This means that cells are the building blocks of life and technically, all of life is connected and related to each other by this tenet. In addition, by researching and examine one type of cell, the results can be assumed for all similar types of cell. The…

interact with actin filaments. That movement requires huge amount of hydrolysis ATP molecules to change the conformation. The genomic analysis thirteen different members of the myosin gene. In addition, the most present myosin type in all eukaryotic cells are: myosin I and myosin II. On the other hand, the less present type of myosin is myosin V. Also, myosin can be divided to two class; conventional myosin which is form the filaments, and unconventional myosin which is can be monomeric. Class I…