Cell signaling

for the cell types in gastrointestinal muscularis externa of any species but recently interest in understanding how Cl- homeostasis contributes to gastrointestinal smooth muscle function has revived due to the recognition that two key mechanisms for Cl- movement, the Ca2+ activated Cl- channel, Ano1 and the Na+,K+, two…

1. Diagram an individual phospholipid and a bilayer of phospholipids. Label the hydrophilic head, and hydrophobic tails in both. 2. Explain the Fluid Mosaic model of the cell membrane and describe the functions of the proteins that are embedded in the membrane. The Fluid Mosaic model of the cell membrane is a hypothesis that describes the phospholipid bilayer and it proteins. It states that the membrane is flexible - fluid - and has various proteins embedded in it - a mosaic. These structures…

Introduction to Cell Biology – Unit 10193 – Chloe Barrett This essay discusses the difference in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, two types of specialised eukaryotic cell, and the relation of the structure of cell membranes to their function of moving substances in and out of cells. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells are two very different, but also very similar cells. There are many differences between them that can help to associate between each one. Eukaryotes are any organism that…

field and not so much as a product. It is unlcear whether anyone else was attempting to patent those discoveries. His recent discovery of Sox4 and Sox11 activation of downstream genes provides new insight into the function and development of hair cells. However, this information just scratches the surface because the pathway could be enormously complicated with dozens of possible components that are interacting in some manner. Whether that be activating or repressing other downstream genes is…

Introduction DNA makes up the genetic material for all organisms. However, not all organisms have distinct molecules working with DNA that come together to make up chromatin. Chromatin is only found in eukaryotic cells, the cellular makeup of multicellular organisms. The structure of chromatin is composed of DNA and histones, together making up nucleosomes, and other non-histone proteins that bind to the DNA. The backbone of DNA is negatively charged and histones have a positive charge…

cause of multidrug resistance, especially in Gram negative organisms.45 As many of these proteins are not expressed constitutively, it may be hard to predict the effect these complexes have on in-vivo treatment; many are tightly regulated to maintain cell homeostasis, and alterations to the control of these systems can cause drastic changes in resistance. The genes encoding efflux proteins can be both chromosomal and harbored on plasmids, making it possible for horizontal transmission…

NF-kB is a protein complex that is responsible for controlling cytokine production, transcription of DNA, cell survival, and plays a key role in regulating the body’s immune response to infection. It is important for IkBa is be present in cells and carry out its role because incorrect regulation of the NF-kB protein complex has been linked to cancer, viral infections, inflammatory diseases,…

Introduction The cell membrane provides a boundary between the intracellular environment and the extracellular environment. The membrane is selectively permeable only allowing some substances to pass through while some can’t. The cell membrane consists of two phospholipid bilayers. Each layer has an electrically charged, hydrophilic head, while the tail is an uncharged hydrophobic. The electrically charged head of these layers face toward the water as the uncharged tails face each other. This…

Arrival to the Egg Before embarking in the complexity of CatSper channels, the particular characteristics of sperm and its movement towards the egg in female that allows for fertilization should be addressed. Spermatozoa are differentiated motile cells that have two main structures: the head, which houses packed DNA, and the flagellum, the motility portion that transports the sperm genetic information to the egg (1). Within the spermatozoa head both a vesicle which covers the head, known as the…

efficiently change the internal organization of the cell, and capture organelles through the cytosol. Intermediate filaments are made up of the protein keratin. Their primary function is to strengthen the internal structure of a cell. Microfilaments are the smallest among the three cytoskeletal filaments. They consist of protein actin. Microfilaments are dynamic structures that can rapidly disassemble or assemble themselves, and thus microfilaments enable the cell to move efficiently. Cilia and…