Cell division

The ways in which cells interact with each other is very similar to many concepts used in the real world due to the interactions between the cells and the techniques used for cell growth. A multitude of the techniques used by the cells in the biological market, during the process of trading metabolic products between bacteria, are almost identical to techniques used by countries, firms, and people in the economic market. Through the trade of metabolic products the cells are functioning as a…

synthesis of the cell wall (Calderon & Sabundayo 2007). However, instead of inhibiting the PBP enzymes responsible for catalysing peptidoglycan cross-linkage, glycopeptides such as vancomycin target the peptidoglycan precursor molecules (Geisel, Schmitz, Fluit, & Labischinski 2001). The terminal D-alanine on these precursors binds to the vancomycin, and so loses its affinity for the PBPs. As such,it cannot undergo transpeptidation,a vital step in peptidoglycan cross-linkage in cell wall…

Mitochondria are essential for cell viability. Without functioning mitochondria, the cell cannot be supplied with the energy it needs to survive. Mitochondrial function relies heavily on import of proteins; this is because the proteome is almost exclusively encoded by nuclear genes (Weidberg). When import is prohibited, the mitochondria will send out several mitochondria-to-nucleus signals to try and resolve the issue. The first pathway mentioned in the article is the mtUPR (Mito-Nucleus…

In this book the company BioGen is researching what they believe to be a “Maturity” gene. The testing of this gene has only been done on rats until Josh Winkler, a researcher for BioGen, accidentally exposed his brother to the gene. Josh’s brother was a drug addict and after being exposed to this gene he apparently turned his life around, he was clean from drugs and got a job. When Josh tells his mother what he accidentally did she begins to spread the rumour of Josh’s miracle cure. This puts…

for a genus and are extremely important to the cell. Bacteria come within various shapes, such as spirals, cocci, rods, etc. These shapes are very useful for the prokaryotes. Prokaryotes do not have a developed nucleus instead the cell has a nucleoid which is also known as a nuclear bound and it lacks the cytoplasm membrane. Prokaryote structures consist of the flagella, pili, and capsules. The flagella is placed down in the plasmatic membrane and cell wall. The flagella moves by whirling its…

The human body is made up of thousands of cells, each with a defined genetic program that allows them to work synchronically to regulate the metabolic and physiological processes required by the organism. All cells die (not accidentally), because in old age or because they are Cell death by apoptosis plays a crucial role in tissue development and homeostasis. This process is carried out through mitochondrial permeabilization and the activation of caspases. The condensation of chromatin and the…

Macromolecules are of great interest to the study of anatomy and physiology due to the fact that they carry out most functions of a cell providing it with life. They provides structural support, a source of stored fuel, the ability to store and retrieve genetic information, and ability to speed biochemical reactions (Prakash, 2008). There are four main types of macromolecules including proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acid and lipids. This essay is specifically on the study of carboyhdrates as…

Stem cell transplantation has been used, yet the long-term outcome is unknown. Although this is not considered genetic engineering it appears to be the closest mechanism used for this syndrome. Ideally, because this is a hereditary disease, laboratory research…

Dimorphic fungi can switch between yeast and mold forms to suit pathogen colonization. The mold form is nonpathogenic and found in the environment so transmission by spores is possible. Once inhaled, the spores convert into the yeast form and become pathogenic within the host. Common dimorphic fungi include Blastomyces, Coccidioides, and Histoplasma (31). This patient has a disseminated form of Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum. Histoplasma is the most common dimorphic mycoses that can cause…

scientist have been trying to do for over 50 years with cloning. According to the American Medical Association, cloning is defined as “the production of genetically identical organisms via somatic cell nuclear transfer. ‘Somatic cell nuclear transfer’ refers to the process in which the nucleus of a somatic cell of an existing (or previously existing) organism is transferred into an oocyte from which the nucleus has been removed.” (Pros and Cons of Human Cloning, 2017). There are three different…