Cell cycle

Macromolecules are of great interest to the study of anatomy and physiology due to the fact that they carry out most functions of a cell providing it with life. They provides structural support, a source of stored fuel, the ability to store and retrieve genetic information, and ability to speed biochemical reactions (Prakash, 2008). There are four main types of macromolecules including proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acid and lipids. This essay is specifically on the study of carboyhdrates as…

GTPase which cycle between inactive GDP bound and active GTP bound forms & are critical for cell proliferation, Survival & differentiation. Ras can activate downstream effectors including PI3K-AKT-mTOR and RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK…

memories; cells are the absolute smallest building blocks of life, each manifesting a sophisticated design. Broadly speaking, the cells are divided in eukaryotes that contain membrane-bound organelles; and prokaryotes that do not (Diffen, 2007)—in short, prokaryotes are both simpler and smaller. The DNA is the molecule that possesses all the “blueprints” an organism requires at every stage of its life. Thus, replicating the DNA ensures that the design will be passed down to every newly formed…

include disagreements on how humans use animals in biological studies. Xenotransplantation, for example, furthers the use of animals for human benefit. Xenotransplantation, first discovered in the 1900’s, is a method of transplanting live animals cells, tissues, or organs from one species to another. It is becoming more common for animals such as pigs, goats, and monkeys to to be used as organ donors for humans, and it is possible it could save more lives in the future. Yet, Xenotransplantation…

the current study, the effect of nilotinib, a marketed drug used by human beings that has a well-defined safety profile, was investigated on APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Nilotinib treatments for mice were found to protect against APAP-induced liver injury as indicated by decreasing the elevated levels of serum ALT, AST, LDH and GGT activities. The protective effect exerted by nilotinib against APAP-induced liver injury was further confirmed histopathologically by preventing APAP-induced…

restored. Did you know there are approximately 100,000-150,000 pieces of hair growing out of your scalp. Scientists have discovered 2 things why hair is so thick on your head. 1 thickness is made from Keratin the protein which is dead cells lifted above and new cells created below. Secondly, the structure which operate hair growth are hair follicles-This is how your hair grows constantly beginning for when you were born till you die.…

intermediate and definite host of this particular parasites mentioned in 1.1 Intermediate host - Freshwater snails Definite host - Humans, primates (Tierney et al., 2007) 1.3) Discuss the life cycle of this parasite mentioned in 1.1. According to Weerakoon et al.(2015), the schistosome parasite has a life cycle whereby the definite host is mammalian in nature, and the intermediate host is that of freshwater snails. They go on to say that humans acquire the infection after they are exposed…

Cell biology 1. A cell is eukaryotic because  Is generally larger and much more sophisticated than prokaryotic cells due to the presence of a complex series of membranes that divide a typical eukaryotic cell into compartment.  Eukaryotic cell has an organized nucleus with a nuclear envelop.  Has membrane bound organelles  Contain linear DNA molecule that are larger than the (circular) DNA molecules in prokaryotic cells and, in association with proteins, form structures called chromosomes.…

but is accomplished by transverse binary fission. Paramecium also plays an important role in the carbon cycle since the bacteria they eat are found in decaying plants.…

Mitochondria How is it that when you hear about cells, they seem so complex? It is simply because they are very complex, even if they are small. Such a complex thing, however, needs a lot of energy to function. A lot of that energy comes from the mitochondria in each cell. Mitochondria are one of many parts in a cell that help the cell to function. These so-called parts of a cell are called organelles. The mitochondria were first discovered by Richard Altman, but was originally named…