Cell cycle

into a cell against its concentration gradient. This type of action is known as active transport because it needs the energy to be able to move the ions against their concentration gradient. Generally, the solutes being pushed in or out of a cell will go from a low concentration gradient to a high concentration gradient. The sodium-potassium pump is crucial to kidney function, nerve signaling, and heart contractions in the human body. The pump will continuously sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell…

Oestrogen is a female reproductive hormone that is produced inside of the ovaries. Oestrogen is also produced inside the adrenal gland located above the kidneys and in the fat cells of the body. There are three different types of oestrogen. Namely Estrone, Estradiol and Estriol. These three different types of oestrogen all have different functions and are present in different present in the body. Oestrogen is extremely important for the proper functioning of the female reproductive system. The…

governing of rhythmic changes involved in daily behaviour and/or physiology is controlled by light/dark cycles. The field of Chronobiology encompasses biological timings (hormone secretion, blood pressure, reproductive cycles, body temperature, sleep, locomotor activity). Circadian rhythms have been discovered to play a major role in the mental, physical and behavioural changes, which follow a 24 hour cycle, derived from the Latin phrase ‘’circa diem’’, translating to ‘about a day’. The skin,…

would have been exhibiting more signs earlier in the morning, rather than late morning as it was during observation. The cells which were swabbed from her vagina and prepared on a slide were identified as superficial cells when compared to the sheets in lab. The cells appeared to have nuclei, and therefore were not fully cornfield. Due to the prevalent presence of these cells, it was deduced that the heifer was in rather in estrus. As previously mentioned, the animal was preoccupied with feed…

single cell, but by the time that we are an adult, we have trillion of cells in our body. This happen because our cells are constantly dividing and when they divide they make new cells. A group of cells form a tissue, a tissue form the organ, an organ compound the system of organ and then the individual. We all have this question, why our cells are dividing constantly? Cells divide to replace old or damaged cells, and also living organism can grow and reproduce. There are two ways that cells can…

to further development of the endometrium, secretion of glycogen by glands, and the formation of the cervical mucus plug. Moreover, the uterine and ovarian cycle are related because they occur at the same time, and they both describe the menstrual cycle. In fact, the proliferative phase is also known as the preovulatory phase in the ovarian cycle, and the secretory phase is known as the postovulatory phase. This is because the proliferative phase occurs before ovulation, or before the ovum…

In the middle of the menstrual cycle, the women’s ovaries release an egg. The ovaries produce and release female gametes and sex hormones. In the ovaries, the ovarian follicles are tiny sac like structures that hold a single primary oocyte (Primal Pictures). Every day, a bunch of follicles…

The cervix is lined with a special group of cells. These cells act as a protective barrier between the cervix and the uterus and are the ones examined during colposcopy. Definition Colposcopy is used as a magnification technique. Its name is derived from the area of the body that is intended for microscopic exam. Colposcopy is an examination method that uses a lighted scope to view the cervix. This test and/or procedure is normally scheduled after an abnormal Pap smear result. Colposcopy is…

Observation of mitosis in Onion root tips Answer the following question to its full explanation: 1. What is Cytokinesis? Compare and contrast cytokinesis between plant and animal cells. Cytokinesis is the last step in cell division, where the cytoplasm divide and the two daughter cells appear. In Animals, the cytokinesis processes occurs through cleavage. Firstly, in the old metaphase plate position, a cleavage furrow is formed. On each sides of the furrow, a contractile ring formed of actin…

LH start development of the follicle. After around 12 days the level of estrogen peaks. The high estrogen level has a positive feedback loop, which fuels the release of FSH and LH. The increase in LH causes the follicle to rupture, and the follicle cells that remain grow into the corpus luteum. When the follicle is mature, progesterone levels rise to stimulate the growth of the uterine lining in preparation for a fertilised egg. Progesterone has a negative feedback loop with the hypothalamus…