Cell culture

portion of foreign genetic material is implanted into a cell and becomes evident through change in appearance or function. This process may appear naturally, or by methods such as projectile bombardment, electroporation, or heat shock. Projectile bombardment occurs when cells in a culture are blasted by pellets that are covered with the DNA they are hoping to insert into the cell. It works as a type of gene gun. Electroporation takes place when cells exist in a liquid medium that contains the…

in West Africa. HIV-1 Tat protein is important to viral replication and infectivity. During acute infection, infected cells releases Tat by extracellular means and becomes engulfed by neighboring cells, where it activates viral replication thus increases virus infectivity. Vital brain cells known as neurons can be indirectly damaged by HIV. It infects macrophages and microglia-cells that nurture the brain, causing them to produce toxins that instruct neurons to kill themselves.…

added to the waiting list about every 10 minutes (facts). The use of 3D organ cloning is an ethical alternate to full body cloning to aid in the organ shortage crisis in this country. Cloning Cloning involves taking DNA from a cell, and implanting it into another cell to be reproduced. This technique can be used to create a human embryo, and ultimately a human being, however it is highly debated and considered unethical. With the cloning of Dolly the sheep in 1996, the idea of cloning for…

stimulating autophagy - the process by which cells rebuild themselves by recycling their own worn-out parts. The process of autophagy involves rounding up misfolded proteins and obsolete organelles within a cell into vesicles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with a lysosome, which breaks down the cellular macromolecules and converts them into components the cell can re-use. Louis Lapierre, an assistant professor of molecular biology, cell biology and biochemistry at Brown,…

Aspergillus nidulans: One of the lesser known pathogen of the aspergilli group, A. nidulans is a model filamentous fungus widely used for studying eukaryotic cell biology (Galagan et al., 2005). A. nidulans possesses a phospholipid-hydrolyzing novel cPLA2 protein, PlaA, which shows maximum similarity to mammalian-type cPLA2 proteins (α, β, γ) (Hong et al., 2005). Like the three isoforms of human cPLA2 proteins, A. nidulans PlaA also consists of two separate catalytic domainsA and B, and…

passaging or subculturing a flask of HeLa cells. This provides more room for cells to grow. The process included transferring the cells into a new flask in order for them to continue growth, using trypsin to dissociate adherent cells from the flask, which then makes it possible to neutralize the trypsin and do a cell count. In addition, we used phenol red as our indicator of successful buffering. It is important to note that the in vitro environment of cells needs to imitate the in vivo…

Simpler than eukaryotes, but complex compared to bacterial cells, Archaea are single celled microorganisms that are similar to bacteria in size and simplicity of structure but more closely related to Eukaryotes when it comes to molecular organization. They are believed to have evolved before Eukarya and after Bacteria which can be proved by microfossils traces, biomarkers, and more. Archaea at first seemed very similar to Bacteria, and many were categorized as such. Only later was the new domain…

family of enzymes that are key effectors of apoptosis, are cysteine proteases that cut after aspartic acid residues. Several of these enzymes, like caspase 3 and caspase 7, are responsible for many of the effects of apoptosis. These effects include cell shrinkage, PS externalization, and membrane microvesiculation 2-5. Cytochrome C, a component of the electron transport chain, is normally located in mitochondrial intermembrane space, and its release into the cytosol is generally the earliest…

Dimorphic fungi can switch between yeast and mold forms to suit pathogen colonization. The mold form is nonpathogenic and found in the environment so transmission by spores is possible. Once inhaled, the spores convert into the yeast form and become pathogenic within the host. Common dimorphic fungi include Blastomyces, Coccidioides, and Histoplasma (31). This patient has a disseminated form of Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum. Histoplasma is the most common dimorphic mycoses that can cause…

To begin with, opponents will claim that people are against the cloning process by saying it is unethical and immoral due to how it controls the lives of animals and its level of involvement with animals reproductive systems. According to the website article “Ethics”, several religions, such as Christians, Jews, Muslims, Hindus, and Buddhists, believe cloning is unethical due to how similar it is to “playing God” as well as the “greater level of involvement and interference with animals’…