Cell culture

Animal testing is an unnecessary part of science that should be gotten rid of completely. Instead of sacrificing the lives of innocent animals, we should spend our time studying the cells of humans and how the product can impact someone before testing it on humans. Animals used for scientific or product testing are under an unnatural and stressful environment, one they would otherwise never come across in life, causing the animal to not react as it should. The Animal Welfare Act states that…

Henrietta Lacks For three decades, scientists had been looking for human cells that could be successfully multiplied outside the human body and much of their efforts failed until 1951, when doctors in the Johns Hopkins Medical Center in Baltimore collected a cancerous tissue sample from a colored woman, Henrietta Lacks, without her consent. Her tissue sample is significant as it allowed scientists to conduct tests on human cells repeatedly without running out of stock, thereby cutting…

Background: What is Down Syndrome? Down Syndrome is a chromosomal disorder caused by an error in cell division that results in an extra twenty-first chromosome, that causes birth defects of developmental and intellectual delays. The human body is composed of trillions of cells and within the nucleus of each cell are structures called chromosomes (Parks, 2009). About eight million babies are diagnosed with Down Syndrome in the United States with approximately twenty thousand in Western Europe…

warning related to smoking habits. However, we still have to continue to test drugs before using in humans. There many other methods to study the effects of drugs in humans, between them we can cite a few: epidemiological studies, human tissue and cell cultures, and autopsy studies. In addition, there are being developed a new technique that will be capable of eliminate animal testing for good. It consist of software, called in silico (on computers), use that will identify and map the pathways…

importance of pro-migratory proteins in the exosomes, Panc-1 and MiaPaCa2 cells were exposed to serum derived from healthy controls or patients. While the serum of healthy controls had little impact on cell migration in a wound healing assay, faster wound closure was observed in cells exposed to serum derived from three out of four patients. Although the total change in migration potential was significantly higher in Panc-1 cells, a similar trend was observed in MiaPaCa2…

change. The changes made to the genes cannot be unchanged, and thus these changes will be inherited by the future generations. Marcy Darnovsky (2014) claims in Genetically Modified Babies that genetic modification is dangerous. This method alters every cell in the children’s bodies regardless of their function where these changes might transfer to the future. In addition, designer baby is not a free error process. Numerous mistakes might happen in the laboratory causing accidental miscarriage.…

Microbes - bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, protozoa and viruses - have been around for at least 3,500 million years and were the only life forms on Earth for most of that time. Microbiology is the study of these small organisms. A microorganism or microbe is an organism that is microscopic. The development of the microscope, along with the observations of various scientists, led to the discovery of microorganisms. It is thanks to Van Leeuwenhoek who is largely credited with the discovery of…

During the Medieval ages in the city of Florence, Italy there were three main social groups that lived, the ones who pray, fight, and work. A wall surrounded the whole city, there were still some buildings outside of the wall. The wall protected the people of Florence from any danger and from the outsiders. There were principle buildings where each of those three social groups lived in. At the top of the medieval society were the first estate, the ones who prayed (clergy) lived in churches,…

not come emidiatly largely because of the self imposed waiting time that the group placed on themselves knowing full well the risks of public backlash at their discovery which is why the group did not go ahead and put recombinant DNA into a living cell rite away until they went and got ethical clearance from Stanford university which they did need but got away way. This gesture is significant not because of its contribution to science itself but rather it is one the finest examples of self…

has a low ß-lactam binding affinity. Therefore, it can mediate cell wall synthesis even in the presence of ß-lactam drugs (5). mecA Homolog mecC gene Recently, mec C gene was found to confer ß-lactam resistance in SCCmecXI-carrying S. aureus. The mec C gene was found to share 70% similarity to mec A. Where as mec C encoded PBP2A homolog PBP2C, shares only 63% identity with PBP2A protein. In order to prove its role in Methicillin resistance, a knockout strain was generated.These stains have…