Cell biology

Paracrine Signaling Signals that act locally between cells that are close together are called paracrine signals. Paracrine signals move by diffusion through the extracellular matrix. These types of signals usually elicit quick responses that last only a short amount of time. In order to keep the response localized, paracrine ligand molecules are normally quickly degraded by enzymes or removed by neighboring cells. Removing the signals will reestablish the concentration gradient for the signal,…

THP-1 cells and THP-1 cell culture methodology were also provided by Ondek Pty Ltd. THP-1 cells were cultured in RPMI-10 culture medium. The first THP-1 cell culture was made by Dr Senta Walton, with a starting concentration of 2 x 105 cells/mL. The cell culture was then incubated at 37°C with 5% CO2 and subcultured every 2-3 days, when the cell concentration reached approximately 8 x 105 cells/mL. THP-1 cell based assay THP-1 cell based assay was performed to determine the immune modulatory…

Human development is affected by the biology of our body and our experiences and interactions that we go through. Our genes and the environment interact to produce who we are. Molecules and cells are the building blocks of development. The cells in our body performs different functions, which makes development possible. DNA contains instructions needed to tell cells what to do. RNA transfers the instructions to make proteins, which acts as receptors of signals in the brain. If RNA translates the…

buzzing with optimism at the news of HeLa cells. The potential of this discovery seemed limitless. Immediately, countless experiments and research were being carried out. The most prominent was research based on the theory that cancer was caused by a virus. Curtis narrates the tale of two scientists who decided to test this theory by conducting experiments on prisoners in the Ohio State Penitentiary. These experiments involved injecting the prisoners with HeLa cells under the skin and observing…

The ground zero marked the beginning of our period. So, there were nothing at the beginning and God appeared and created the sky, the Earth, water, mountains etc. He also created animals and humans to live on earth even though they live in the different environment to procreate and to populate the Earth. He also blessed man and a woman to be together and live in the advantageous position to dominate earth. Since then, men and nature became inseparable. even though, we all are the god’s creation…

Jorunal #2 Molecules and Cells 1. During the first weeks of Bio 001 lectures, we discussed “what it means to be alive”, and then we discussed the concept of “emergent properties” in the origin of functional molecules and cells. What is meant by “emergent properties” in biology? In biology, emergent properties are when parts of an organism interact with one another to perform a specific function. It is important to note that an emergent property is not exhibited by one part alone. Usually,…

Numerous species have evolved to exhibit some form of camouflage, which is an adaptation that allows species to blend in with certain aspects of their environment. Camouflage has become a common and taxonomically widespread adaptation that numerous prey species have adopted to reduce the likelihood of being either detected or recognized by predators. The theory of Natural Selection as put forth by Charles Darwin suggests that "those individuals who possess superior physical, behavioral, or other…

Introduction Drosophila melanogaster, commonly known as fruit fly or vinigar fly coming under the family Drosophilidae. The normal life span of the flies are generally 30 – 60 days and it may vary depend upon the external conditions. These flies are sexually dimorphic. The female flies are comparatively bigger than the male flies. The males flies and females fly can be easily distinguish with size difference and the colour pattern. The male flies have a dark band on the abdomen. The presence…

1. What is the species name of the model/study organism? If the study is looking at human disease choose the disease causing organism. If the study is on some aspect of human physiology or anatomy, the model organism is a human. The study followed one White family and one Italian family to see how the mutation of a Manganese Transporter, SLC30A10, causes a variety of diseases such as Parkinson’s and Chronic Liver Disease. The model organism of the study is the Homo sapien. 2. Intellectual merit…

With natural selection its major driving mechanism, evolution is the change over time in the makeup of genetics of a population. Supported by evidence from many scientific methods, Charles Darwin, in On the Origin of Species, asserts that inheritable variations occur in individuals in a population. In the process known as natural selection, due to competition for limited resources, individuals with more favorable characteristics or phenotypes are more likely to survive and better reproduce,…