Causality

hypothesis of this test is that the past p values of X are not helpful to predict Y (X does not Granger cause Y). The alternative hypothesis is that the past p values of X are useful to predict Y (X Granger causes Y). p is the lag length of the Granger causality test and the results of the test depend on the chosen lag lengths (p). Therefore, different lag lengths (6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36 lag lengths) are used in this study. These lag lengths represent a three-year horizon. The following bivariate…

What is the nature of freedom? Or a better question should be, what is free will and do we have it? The definition of free will is not a simple answer. Free will tries to account for our introspective belief that we have control of our actions and as a result, our own destiny. Nothing in our lives is predetermined and every cause has an effect. Human actions are caused, but we can consider actions free if they are the result of internal motivations rather than external events, a belief known as…

In the story Six Months Three Days by Charlie Jane Anders, Doug and Judy both possess psychic abilities; they are able to recall future events. Doug can only see one set of events, the future, what he says is the only way that events will unfold. On the other hand, Judy sees many futures. She believes that there are many ways the future may pass. Doug believes that Judy is seeing one true future, the one he sees, amidst many false ones. He can be called a determinist, one who believes that at…

Write a critical literature review of the literature concerning the Zero Price Effect Relationship between demand and price has been studied for years by many academics and can be explained by the law of demand. The law of demand states that all else being equal, as the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded falls (xxx). However, there is a special case when the price of a good is 0 as people do not simply subtract costs from benefits. This phenomenon is called the zero price effect which…

What do you think makes a tragic hero? According to “an old dead Greek dude”, otherwise known as Aristotle, the very same who created the guidelines of what would qualify as “a good body of text”, a tragic hero is noble or wise, has a fatal flaw, a reversal of fortune, a realization that their fatal flaw is what caused their misfortune, and a greater fate than they deserved. I personally completely agree with Aristotle’s ideas of a tragic hero. They need to be noble or wise so the audience can…

Compatibilism as a Solution for the Free Will Problem Are human actions completely free? Freedom can acquire several definitions; according to Bavetta’s study on freedom of choice, for example, liberty can refer to the agent’s freedom of choice, effective freedom, or autonomy (47). The belief of freedom of choice acquires two main perspectives: an incompatible and a compatible view between free will and determinism. The incompatible position states that free will and determinism cannot coexist…

As we know that freewill is action that cause by person freely without under pressure of anyone. But, determinism is totally opposite to it. Determinism says that every action has its cause. There are two concepts of freewill. 1) Compatibilism. 2) Incompatibilism. According to compatibilism free will is possible even if determinism is true. But, incompatibilism says that freewill is not real if determinism exist (Sider 2014). Incompatibilism cover two terms that are hard determinism and…

In addition to Ethics, Aristotle also wrote about physics. Aristotle’s notions of physics are what we know consider to be “ancient physics” because there are a lot of differences when compared to modern physics. Ancient physics has many aspects of how things are caused. According to Aristotle, there are four causes that cause things to happen which he mentioned in his notion of physics. Each cause presents a distinct reason for things to happen, and contributes to the causes differently.…

In John Perry’s A Dialogue on Personal Identity and Immortality, Perry discusses both the possibility of immortality (the ability to survive after death) and the question of personal identity. In the process, he proposes three theories as to what could account for personal identity: soul theory, memory theory, and body theory. First, however, it is necessary to discuss what the question of personal identity is. Personal identity refers to a human being’s numerical identity over time. Thus, the…

Freedom and determinism is a philosophical puzzle that attempts to further define other topics, such as the essence of a person and constitutes as a response to the problem of evil. Freedom and determinism goes beyond the abstract realm of philosophy, but bears on practical and political questions as well, such as if people are actually responsible for criminal actions or not. There are four principles of freedom and determinism: The principle of universal causation (PUC) Every event has a cause…