Catalysis

Enzymes are organic catalysts that speed up reactions that occur by lowering the activation energy of the reactants. By lowering the activation energy, the chemical bonds are weakened, thus the reactions are much faster than without the catalyst. Enzymes are composed of proteins which shape dictates the function of the enzyme. On the enzyme it contains a part called the active site where the substrate binds and the chemical reaction undergoes. A substrate is the chemical involved in the…

The time required for the filter paper to float reflects the enzyme movement immensely. The enzyme movement is slower when there is a greater amount of time for the reaction to occur. As the temperature increased, the reaction time was quicker. For example, the class average for the substrate temperature “Hot” was 7.28 seconds, which was a drastic change from the temperature “Cold” of 66.54 seconds. The reason behind the change was that heat makes molecules move quicker, and cold makes molecules…

The first enzyme to be inactivated by ultrasonic waves was pepsin about 60 years ago and the mechanism of inactivation was cavitations (Geckeler, 2009). Heat was the common method used in inactivation of enzymes, however, was observed to lower the quality of the preserved food as well as destroying food nutrients. Ultrasound is being tested as an alternative in enzymatic inactivation (Geckeler, 2009). Since 60 years ago ultrasound has been observed to be an efficient method in enzyme…

Abstract This experiment observed the effects of enzyme’s concentration on the enzyme’s activity. This was determined by measuring the rate of the reaction under different concentration, and see whether the reaction increases when the concentration high or not. The consequences of the experiment indicated that the rate of the reaction of enzyme increases whenever the concentration is high. Also, if the concentration is low, the reaction rate will be low too. Introduction Enzymes are…

Enzymes are true catylst that exist in the living matters, helping to speed up the reactions and to keep up the metabolisms within the cell. Enzymes will work properly when working in favorable condition and with substrates that will bind easliy to form products. Enzymes bind to specific sustrates for form specific product(s) in different parts of the cell. These happens in the active site where chemical reaction begain as substrates are binded to the enzymes. Enzymes have different shapes, bond…

The length and format of the paper is entirely up to you. The amount of credit will be commensurate with the number of suggestions, and the instructor’s assessment of the depth and quality of the suggestions provided. Even though I was an economic minor as an undergraduate, this course was my first exposure to the concept of business continuity panning (BCP) and information technology disaster recovery planning (IT DRP). I have learned a lot about the concepts of business continuity and disaster…

Enzymes are biological molecules that are responsible for the many metabolic processes that sustain life. Enzymes need specific conditions in order for the reaction to occur. Temperature, pH level, and the shape and size of the substrate are all limiting factors. One of the most common digestive problems, lactose intolerance, is due to the absence of the key enzyme lactase. This enzyme is produced in the small intestine where it is secreted during digestion. While most mammals stop producing…

(anti:syn). The cation-binding catalysis in a densely confined chiral space in situ formed by the incorporation of potassium salt is the key to this successful catalysis. Like enzymes, in a confined space, catalytic sites activate both reacting partners (imine and enolate) simultaneously and keep them in a close proximity, thus enhancing the reactivity…

In this experiment p-cresol was converted to n-propyl p-tolyl ether by using a modified form of the Williamson Ether method. The modified form used is called Phase Transfer Catalysis. The p-cresol was deprotonated by NaOH. The addition of tetrabutylammonium bromide provides the necessary help that the nucleophile needed to get into the organic phase in order to react with the electrophile. The reaction would have proceeded without this addition although it would have been a very slow reaction.…

Magnesium ion is required for generating Ser102 nucleophile Stec et al. suggested a reaction mechanism involving three metal ions, which is modified from the two metal ion catalysis theory proposed by Kim and Wyckoff (16). As mentioned, Ser102 acts as a nucleophile and facilitates the departure of an alcohol group during the first step of this reaction. In order for this occur, Ser102 has to be deprotonated. X-ray crystallography has been used to examine the mechanism of alkaline phosphatase.…