Cardiovascular system

blood around the body, beating a total of 60-80 times per minute at a normal pace. It is a highly efficient organ and constantly works to keep our blood circulation going and ourselves alive. The high efficiency of the heart pumping system originates in a conductive system, which is linked to the Sinoatrial (S-A) and Atrioventricular (A-V) node. The Sinoatrial node, also known as the natural cardiac pacemaker, is located in the upper part of the right atrium and initiates the contractions of…

health. The most pronounced effect of caffeine on the cardiovascular system is the ability to raise blood pressure. In healthy individuals this is often not of great concern however hypertensive individuals might suffer from an acute increase in blood pressure, leading to server health. In addition a regular intake of caffeine is evident to lower the risk of developing arrhythmia as well as an important player in the fight against cardiovascular diseases. In relation it has been proved that…

which is a skin condition which occurs in people with poor circulation. The stasis ulcer usually occurs in the lower legs. The etiology of stasis ulcer which is also known as venous ulcer as stated by Beckerle, Carla Moore, “Pathogenesis of venous system can result in damage to any components of the calf muscle pump, which leads to reflux of venous insuffiency”. Reflux of venous insuffiency then leads to local ischemia, edema, hypoxia, inflammation, and eventually cell death. The etiology of…

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors lower blood pressure and produce vasodilation by inhibiting ACE – blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, key mediators of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS). RAAS is the main mechanism for controlling BP. Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor and works by binding to angiotensin I receptors on smooth muscle – these are joined to a Gq protein and the IP3 signal transduction pathway. ACE usually breaks down bradykinin.…

The force in the arteries when blood pumped by the heart hits the walls of arteries is known as blood pressure . When the heart contracts,the highest pressure in the arteries is known as the systolic pressure . Whereas , the lowest pressure in the arteries in between two heart beats is referred to as diastolic pressure . A normal individual would have a blood pressure of below 120/80 mmHg. High blood pressure or otherwise known as hypertension is a condition when the force in the arteries are…

oxygen and different nutrients to function properly but in order to maintain that constancy, our blood has to be constantly moving. And in order for our cells to get transported and get everything they need, the heart needs to be beating. The cardiovascular system makes sure the levels of substances in the blood is constant by transporting these substances as circumstances change. The heart is located in the lower part of the mediastinum between the lungs. Most people think the heart lies…

Case Study #3 1. Based on my understanding of the cardiovascular system, a blood clot is a gel that consists of the formed elements of blood trapped in a network of insoluble protein fibers (Tortora,2014, p.335). How clotting is formed when a series of chemical reactions that culminates in the formation of fibrin threads (Tortora,2014, p.335). When blood is easily clots it’s called thrombosis, a thrombosis is a formation of a clot in an unbroken blood vessel, usually in a vein (Tortora,2014,…

secondary vascular events. Some risk factors for PAD include obesity, age, hypertension, sedentary lifestyle, dyslipidemia, smoking, hyperhomocysteinemia and diabetes mellitus. On the other hand, PAD is linked with increased risk of additional cardiovascular complications such as a stroke, MI and with it being left untreated may lead to other serious problems such as amputation and gangrene. Treatment for PAD includes weight bearing exercise, risk factor modifications, surgical…

The cardiovascular system is another major organ system that is required for life. It helps pump blood, which transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, and heat throughout the body (Handout: CHAPTER 17: HEMOTOLOGY: BLOOD). However, more than half of the population around the world are affected by chronic diseases. The leading cause of chronic disease is heart failure (HF) (Mello). According to the Assistant Professor in Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Nursing…

months, my grandfather got diagnosed with high blood pressure, stroke, and cardiovascular disease…