Cardiac pacemaker

experimentation has contributed to advances in treating and understanding conditions, such as childhood leukemia, cystic fibrosis, cancer, tuberculosis and many others. Animal research was an important part in the development of anesthetics, pacemakers and cardiac valve substitutes. All of these advances, were thanks to the fact that animals are similar to human beings in many…

conditions for it. Role of gender: Men have an increased incident and severity of most cardiovascular diseases including cardiomyopathy than women. Role of psychological stress: Intense emotional or physical stress leads to rapid and severe reversible cardiac dysfunction causing cardiomyopathy.…

At the SA node of my heart the epinephrine was increasing the autorhythmicity of my pacemaker therefore causing an increase in my heart rate (Genetic Science Learning Center, 2016). The AV node which is located in between the tissues of the heart was making sure that there were normal electrical impulses traveling throughout my heart (McKinley…

Since the origin of civilization, humanity has always been perplexed by outer space. We look at the sky and for the first time in our lives, we feel minuscule. In a world where humans are at the top of the hierarchy, space seems to swallow us entirely. Space exploration’s origin can be traced back to curiosity. Exploring space not only answers numerous questions we all share about the universe, it also grants us a deeper look into the world we inhabit. Try imagining a new color. Impossible,…

breathing. My nurse alerted me what my heart monitor said my heart was doing, and being a retired nurse with cardiac care experience, I remembered to cough, and it worked! My V-Tach stopped. However what seemed to be a dozen of Cardiologists entered my room shortly after to tell me that they thought a internal defibrillator/pacemaker was necessary to prevent me from having 'sudden cardiac death.' With wide eyes, I agreed almost immediately. After the second surgery, my heart went to…

septal defect (VSD). These symptoms vary from person to person. The diagnose of this disease is not recommended, however test are done when cardiac symptoms begin to manifest at the later life stage of the patient. X-rays, electrocardiogram, and echocardiogram are used to perform the test. Curing the symptoms, orthopedic surgery to enhance limb movements, and pacemakers are treatments. Parent who have the disease or carry the…

Calcium ions are vital for cellular signalling, as once they enter the cytoplasm they use allosteric effects caused by indirect transduction pathways such as G protein-coupled receptors. Calcium signalling is cause by gradients across the plasma membrane, as the resting concentration of Ca2+ in the cytoplasm is normally kept ˷100 nM, compared to the extracellular concentration which is ˷1.5mM. To continue low concentration within the cell, Ca2+ signals can be generated either from extracellular…

separate the ventricles from the arterial system. The aortic valve separates the left ventricle from the aorta while the pulmonary valve divides the right ventricle and pulmonary artery. AV valves and semilunar valves perform an important role in the cardiac cycle because they only allow blood flow when pressure gradient is reached. During ventricular filling, the AV valve remains open due to atrial pressure being higher then ventricular pressure. Concurrently, the semilunar valves are closed as…

Coronary angiography (also known as cardiac catheterization) is usually employed to diagnose the majority of cases of CAD, which involves the introduction of a long, flexible tube (that is, a catheter) into an artery (generally the femoral artery due to its accessibility) wherein it is then…

spontaneous increase in blood pressure, although it is unclear of exactly why blood pressure increases when caffeine is introduced to the system. Due to the increase of the heart rate and blood pressure, there is higher susceptibility to heart issues like cardiac arrhythmia (Robertson et al., 1978). I hypothesize that the heart rate has a direct correlation to the ventricular pressure, which could explain the increase in the blood pressure. When the ventricular pressure increases, more blood is…