Cardiac electrophysiology

muscles during exercise and is widely accepted as the the fundamental element to the Vo2 MAX (Robergs and Keteyian, 2007). The reasons behind the limiting factors of the cardiorespiratory system is believed to be due to the ability of the maximal cardiac output, pulmonary diffusion and blood volume and flow that the body can handle (Bassett,…

B – dystrophin is part of a group of a protein complex that works together to strengthen muscle fibres and protect them from injury as muscles contract and relax. Dystrophin is produced by the DMD gene and mutations cause Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies, which lead to reduced amounts of dystrophin in skeletal muscle cells. This reduced amount of dystrophin causes muscles to weaken and damage over time, causing the build up of fat rather than muscle. This pseudohypertrophy causes the…

The properties of cardiac muscle are always changing as a result of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous stimulation and pharmacological drugs that alter or stimulate molecular mechanisms in the heart. In order to understand the mechanisms of the heart, we must experiment with the heart by observing the properties of cardiac cells and formulate hypotheses for their observed response. The structure of cardiac muscle consists of myocardial cells which have a nucleus, contractile filaments…

Muscles are often only described by large features and classified by a particular region of group of muscles, which does not do the complexity muscle tissue justice. When a skeletal muscle cell is broken down on a microscopic level one is able to truly grasp just how intricate skeletal muscles are along with how they function on a physiological level. Skeletal muscle cells cannot be understood until three key aspects of their structure are enumerated and these are their myofibrils, sarcoplasmic…

the heart is a complex organ made of muscle and is compromised of four chambers including a right and left atrium and corresponding ventricles. the function of the heart is to pump oxygen rich blood throughout the body while receiving blood and sending it to the lungs to be re oxygenated then repeating the cycle. all of the body's different tissues require this oxygen rich blood to perform their functions. however, there are many problems that can affect the function of the heart. some of these…

Purpose: Recent research indicates that the skeletal muscles of the human body do not function as independent actuators. Instead, they seem to be linked by connective tissue forming myofascial chains. While the existence of such meridians has been demonstrated for the ventral and the dorsal side of the body, no data are available for morphological fusion of lateral muscles. This study aimed to provide evidence for the inferior part of the lateral myofascial chain. Methods: Fourteen legs (7…

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving method that is used daily in many emergencies that involve trouble with the heart or breathing. This technique allows you to restore flow of oxygenated blood to a person’s brain and heart, and restore breathing in the person when the heart is stopped. When the heart stops, blood flow to the brain and organs stops which causes damage to these necessary body parts. Without help, the person could die within eight to ten minutes. Therefore, knowing…

Who is the Real Winner? The question of whether athletes are born or made has become the leading topic of athletic debate in the recent decade. Were esteemed athletes such as Michael Phelps, Usain Bolt, Lionel Messi, and Rory McIlroy born with gifted talent, or were they made elite athletes through hard work and the right nurturing?. Through the development of the human genome and the increasing research into genetics, many scientists and athletes have wondered if nature or nurture has more of…

is very little, but during activity, oxygen consumption is multiples due to the intense oxygen demands of the muscles. Other parameters that are expected to change during exercise are metabolic rate, heart rate and blood pressure, stroke volume, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance. The energy required to maintain the bodily functions comes from the food that we eat- carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Metabolism or metabolic rate describes all the chemical changes that occur within…

“So you think, so you become.” When ignorance, and poverty struck a whole nation, and the elite makes a call to god… “Nothing in the world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity.” ― Martin Luther King Jr. Many have witnessed or heard about act of terrors in Haiti on the name of “Zombification,” causing by a group of undercover criminals. It is by itself a broad topic full of stupidity, but this idea is important to introduce what I want to tackle today.…