Cardiac anatomy

Passive Forces in Limb Movements: Help or Hindrance Introduction Most animals are enabled to move because of contractions and relations of muscles. Vertebrates and invertebrates movement is initiated by a combination of both passive and active forces (Linke, Granzier and Kellermayer, 2003). Passive forces in muscles are forces that develop when an inactive muscle is stretched from its resting length in resistance of the induced stretch. Passive force in the limbs movement of both vertebrate and…

Skeletal System The skeletal system is made up of 206 bones. It also includes cartilage, ligaments and tendons. The two main parts of the skeletal system are the axial skeleton with 80 bones and the appendicular skeleton with 126 bones. The primary purpose of the skeletal system is to provide the body with support, protection, movement, storage for minerals and lipids, and to produce red blood cells. The axial skeleton includes the skull, thoracic cage and vertebral column. The…

Synovial joint consists of a joint capsule, a joint cavity and a layer of cartilage over the ends of two joining bones. These joints are lined with synovial fluid. The articular cartilage over the joint ends absorbs jolts as it acts like elastic and it also provides a smooth surface for the joints to move frictionlessly. This fluid also helps in lubricating and protecting the bones. Cartilage is softer and much more flexible than a bone. The major role of cartilage is to form a model for later…

Cardiac Dysrhythmia Cardiac Dysrhythmia also known as cardiac arrhythmia is a group of of conditions where the heartbeat is irregular and or too fast or too slow. Tachycardia is known as a heart rate that is over 100 beats per minute for adults ,while Bradycardia is too slow with below 60 beats per minute. Majority of arrhythmia issues are not serious, but some predispose one to complications like heart failure or a stroke. Arrhythmia are the leading cause of sudden cardiac death, with 400,000…

insidiously and have deadly effects. It is important to know that the signs and symptoms of heart disease present themselves different in men versus women (Nursing Update, 2008). More often than not, men will experience chest pain or discomfort in cardiac crisis while women will experience nausea, vomiting, and back or jaw pain. Men are more susceptible to developing heart disease after the age of 55, whereas women are more susceptible after the age of 65. Common risk factors for heart disease…

It has been noted that during breeding season, sharks will fast for an extended amount of time, and live off of lipids stored in their livers. Sharks do not necessarily require mating in order to reproduce, this type of reproduction is referred to as “parthenogenesis”. Shark’s senses are highly developed, most particularly their sense of smell which allows them to detect a subtle smell to its exact source. Shark’s sense of sight and hearing, although not quite as developed as their sense of…

Vascular anomalies are a serious medical condition that affect blood vessel formation in as many as 1 in 10 people (Richter and Suen 2015). Vascular anomalies can be divided into two broad categories: vascular tumors and vascular malformations (Richter and Suen 2015). Vascular tumors, also known as hemangiomas, are characterized by rapid growth with most undergoing involution once the patient has reached a certain age (Richter and Suen 2015). On the other hand, vascular malformations are…

Alpha-actinin-3 is a protein that is encoded by the “athletic gene”, ACTN3, in humans. ACTN3 is located at the long arm of chromosome 11 and encodes for the expression of alpha-actinin-3 protein in fast glycolytic muscle fibers. Fast glycolytic fibers, or type IIb, are responsible for the generation of rapid forceful contractions. There are some individuals who do not have a working version of this gene, which causes the muscle protein to not be created. These individuals are said to have the…

corticosteroid treatment. APES will not resolve on its own and requires restarting corticosteroid treatment. 4 Five percent of patients may die of respiratory insufficiency. 3 Patients with myocardial sarcoidosis may develop restrictive cardiomyopathy, cardiac dysrhythmias, and conduction disorders.6 All patients with sarcoidosis will require long-term follow-up. Minimal follow-up includes a year physical exam, PFTs, CMP, eye exam, chest radiograph, and electrocardiogram to look for further…

Background Statement: The board of trustees of Cabarrus Memorial Hospital has proposed to add open-hearth surgery to their cardiac services. They would have to consider getting a certificate of need, costs of renovation and staffing. The latter may include the hiring of Dr. R.S. Christy who has been part of the hospital staff for some time and was popular among the staff and patients. He is about to complete his fellowship and will have to make a career choice before soon. The board would like…