Carcinoma

of highly specific and sensitive biomarkers highlighting, clinical intervention is a great importance allowed by early pathological changes. The result of relations within environmental factors, epigenetic, and genetics is the progression of lung carcinoma initiation. Histone modification, DNA methylation, and non RNA expressions are included in Epigenetic alterations and have been reported widely in literature to play a major role in the genesis of lung cancer. Chronic inflammation, smoking,…

contribute to oral cancer pathogenesis. We were the first group to provide biochemical evidence for the existence of the Dicer1e transcript and characterize its product, Dicer1e, as a variant of Dicer1 proteins overexpressed in Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) cell lines of epithelial phenotype and in OSCC tissues. In the second project, I examined the feasibility of new methods to delivery RNAi-based therapies for oral cancer. By using a custom-made chimeric peptide as vehicle, we…

Invasive cancer is the cancer that spreads beyond the layer of tissue which developed and is growing into surrounding, healthy tissues. A lot of physicians try to detect and prevent the invasive cancers. Ductal carcinoma in situ is a non-invasive breast cancer. It does not spread beyond the milk duct into surrounding breast tissue. However, it can increase the risk of having invasive breast cancer later. Heterogeneity is a word that means diversity. It signifies the quality of state of being…

Stroke in a young woman who was later diagnosed to be caused by emboli secondary to infective endocarditis and Cushing’s syndrome as a paraneoplastic syndrome secondary to Renal Cell Carcinoma. Thus, the spectrum of medicine is extensive and offers tremendous learning opportunities. I also got an opportunity to closely interact with patients and to know the stories of their lives. I showed empathy and support. I explained to them our management…

these stories serve as the building blocks for the countenance or beginning of a journey. However, the journeys that we have to go on are not always ones that we choose for ourselves. In the last year my grandfather was diagnosed with Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC). This is a type of cancer that is found in the kidneys. He has known since last year that his condition was worsening, but he still kept his head held high and went through life the exact same way. He went through his physical journey of…

RISKS & CAUSES The majority of patients who are diagnosed with anal cancer don't have a clearly defined risk factor. However, factors that increase the risk of developing anal cancer are associated with the risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. This virus is the same kind that causes genital warts. Certain strains of the HPV virus are associated with a high risk of developing anal cancer as well as cervical cancer and some types of throat cancer. Activities that put people at risk for…

KRAS: So far three human Ras genes have been identified. Actually Ras homolog to the oncogene from Kristen Ras Sarcoma (KRAS). HRas homologous to the oncogene from Harvey Rat Sarcoma virus(HRAS) and NRas first isolated from the human neuroblastoma. These three different Ras genes are highly homologous but functionally different. However the degree of redundancy remains topic of investigation (Pylayeva-Gupta et al. 2011). Ras are central mediators of downstream of growth factor receptor…

It is not known exactly what causes breast cancer, however “It is estimated that in 2015 there will be 231,840 new cases of invasive breast cancer, 62,290 new cases of carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the breast will be found (CIS is non-invasive and is the earliest form of breast cancer), and about 40,290 deaths from breast cancer.” (The American Cancer Society 2014, September 9). Other than skin cancer and second only to lung cancer, breast cancer is the leading death among women in the United…

chemotherapy, radiation or medication. (Stöppler, M. M. n.d. Lung Cancer Symptoms, Treatment, Causes - What is lung cancer?) One of the patients was diagnosed with lung cancer a few years ago. She was eighty-seven years old. Her diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma (non-small cell lung cancer). She was in the cancer center getting her treatment of chemotherapy. She seemed very happy and optimistic about her treatment plan and had her daughter in the room with her while she was getting her…

atypia: PanIN-1, are composed of mucinous columnar epithelial cells with little cellular atypia; PanIN-2, are composed of papillary (rather than flat) epithelial and have some nuclear atypia; PanIN-3, have high-grade dysplasia and are referred to as carcinoma in situ (Figure 1.2)…