Carboxylic acid

used a solid-liquid extraction by adding 14 tea bags into a 1L beaker with 6g of sodium carbonate, 250 mL of tap water and bringing this to a boil for five minutes on a hot plate. Sodium carbonate is a weak bronsted base, that neutralizes tannic acids extracted from tea, that interfere with the later sublimation operation.(1) We turned the heat off after five minutes, added ice cubes to cool the mixture to room temperature, and carefully removed and properly discarded the tea bags. We then…

can we differentiate acids and bases? How do we know if a substance is an acid or a base? There are different methods to discover whether a substance is an acid or a base. One of the methods is by using an acid-base indicator or by identifying hydrogen or hydroxide ions in a substance’s chemical formula. Certain materials such as a plastic template, red litmus paper, blue litmus paper, phenolphthalein, universal indicator, and a pH chart can be used to help us distinguish acids and bases.…

2. Experimental 2.1. Materials and reagents Analytical grade bentazon was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol, chloroform and acetic acid were purchased from Merck and were analytical or HPLC grade. Methacrylic acid (MAA) as the functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) as the cross-linker and α,α′-Azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) were purchased from Merck (Hohenbrunn, Germany). MAA was distilled under vacuum to remove the inhibitor prior to polymerization.…

deionized water and the following chemicals: sodium hydroxide, potassium hydrogen phthalate, hydrochloric acid and sodium bicarbonate. When it comes to these chemicals, make sure to wear the general protective personal equipment and handle with caution because these chemicals can burn. (MSDS Solution Center) For week one, the students first had to prepare the sodium hydroxide and the hydrochloric acid. Both of these were done by taking a graduated cylinder and measuring 8.3 milliliters of the…

Benzimidazole and its derivatives were synthesized according to the reported literature (Wagner EC et al., 1943). The compounds are benzimidazole ;1-(4-((1H-benzimidazol-1-yl) methylamino) phenyl) ethanone; 2-butyl-1H-benzimidazole; 2-methyl-1H-benzimidazole. The stock solutions are prepared by dissolving the compound in DMSO. Antimicrobial activity was tested by the disc-diffusion method under standard conditions using Mueller-Hinton Agar (MHA) and the antibiotics used as listed below, Table…

Lead concentrations can be measured in various body tissues or by measuring the biomarkers of the toxic effects of lead. The concentration of lead in the body has been measured in blood, bone, nails, hair, teeth, urine, faces and saliva for screening and diagnostic purposes. In all samples, specimen collection, storage and processing must be meticulously performed to avoid contamination of the samples with lead in the surrounding environment. Teeth, nail and bone reflect long term exposure to…

Using a specific example discuss a possible target for the development of anti-mycobacterial therapeutics ATP synthase is a main enzyme used to produce ATP in respiration of a cell. It makes use of a proton gradient in the mitochondrial cell membrane to generate ATP. By transporting protons back across the membrane, using ADP and a phosphate ion to create ATP. Normally most bacteria can gain enough ATP to grow optimally through substrate level phosphorylation, however it has been shown that M.…

Draw resonance structures showing all the positions at which the positive charge is delocalized on the aromatic ring in the phenonium ion. If a methoxy group (-OCH3) or a nitro group (–NO2) were substituted in the 4-position on the aromatic ring, how would the stability of the phenonium ion change? Compare methoxy substituted, nitro substituted and unsubstituted, and order them by increasing stability. Explain your answer thoroughly. 2) Benzopinacol and benzopinacolone have nearly…

essential component of a neutralization reaction. When this compound along with an acidic compound (HCl) dissociates, it react and form neutralized components such as water and a salt. This is an ideal mechanism of action for individuals who suffer from acid reflux or heartburn conditions because the excessive HCl that is found in the stomach can be alleviated by ingesting antacid tablets. This experiment explored the effectiveness of different antacids base on the number of HCl moles…

Acid rain results in many ecological effects, with the most severe of these affects being its impact on lakes, streams, and aquatic environments in general. It negatively affects marine life, because acid rain makes waters acidic, causing the absorption of Aluminum; which is a combination that threatens some aquatic animals. As the acidity of water increases, the number of fish and marine animals in general decline. Although, there are some species that are able to survive in acidic water,…