Carbonate

Introduction Water has become one of the most prominent natural resources gifted by the Mother Nature, since the early existence of all life forms on the planet Earth. With the vast improvements in society, the living beings, especially human’s consumption of water has advanced from solely for drinking, cleaning and cooking purposes to using water for entertainment and advanced infrastructure (mining) etc. Along with its consumption, there have been numerous issues arising about the ‘influence…

Solubility Phosphates are not very water-soluble, thereby creating a limiting potential for plant-growth in marine ecosystems. This explains its encompassing effect on the surface of affected water system, as observed in the Watershed Nature Centre. In addition, this can be observed from the site as less quantity of phosphorus get dissolved in running water compared to the amount that eventually gets into the water column. Temperature: The water surface gets heated up by sunlight, increasing…

Over the past decade the accounts of various coral diseases have been on the rise which had lead to the decimation of keystone species of corals throughout mainly the world’s tropical oceans. Since the mid-1990s, 18 coral diseases affecting at least 150 scleractinian, gorgonian, and hydrozoan zooxanthellate species have been described in the Caribbean and Indo-Pacific (Sutherland et al. 2004). Most of these diseases have been caused by bacterial, fungal, and protist type pathogens as well the…

Chapter 3 Process description and modeling 3.1 Process Description of Propylene Glycol Production Process The physical properties of propylene glycol are colourless and clear syrupy liquid when exists at room temperature. Besides than in liquid form, it also may exists in vapor form in air. In order to produce a colourless and odourless chemical, propylene glycol (C3H8O2, PG) involve in the reaction of propylene oxide and water. This involve the process of the hydrolysis of propylene oxide…

higher the acidity. Oceans have acidified by 30% from pre-industrial levels, and scientists expect that number will increase to 100% by the end of the century. As acidity increases, animals like scallops and oysters have a hard getting the calcium carbonate they need to build their shells. Their shells become thinner, growth slows down, and death rates rise. Reefs are extremely sensitive to both warming and acidification. When pH falls, they have a difficult time creating sturdy skeletons and…

Coral reefs are one of the most diverse and valuable ecosystems on earth. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, coral reefs support more species per unit area than any other marine environment, making them the equivalent of an aquatic rain forest (Kitch and Edwards). Occupying a mere one percent of the seafaring environment, coral reefs are home to more than one quarter of all known marine species. This translates to approximately four thousand species of fish,…

The surface layer is three to eight inches thick. The texture of the subsurface layers ranges from clay to loam. The soils have a slow to moderately rapid infiltration rate. These soils are typically calcareous at or near the surface; however, carbonates are not always distinguishable in the upper layers. The soil profile should show evidence of weak development (i.e., thin A horizon, pale colors, lack of argillic horizon). This site should show slight to no evidence of rills, wind scoured…

Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) has been commonly used in many countries for centuries. It is relatively easy to get OPC into an active binder, as it is a common practice due to its wide availability and it being economically friendly. This may seem like perfect cement. However, OPC has a significant impact on the environment caused by the CO2 emitted during the process of manufacture, which plays a big role in the increase of greenhouse gases. Therefore, a more sustainable option has to be…

Acid rain is a precipitation which falls from the atmosphere to Earth. It contains a high level of nitrous oxide and sulphur dioxide. When they ge tin contact with water they transform to acid in the atmosphere, and then this acid is carried away by the wind thousaands of miles away from where they were created. The acidity is measured with the potential hydrogen (pH) on a scale from 0-14. The pH scale is a logarythmic measure which means that every change in pH is counted in the amount times…

Based on its performance, the high ranking draw solutes are calcium chloride (CaCl2), potassium hydrogen carbonate (KHCO3), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), and sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3), while based on cost replenishment, they can be ranked as KHCO3, magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), sodium chloride (NaCl), NaHCO3, and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) [66]. Although, NaHCO3, KHCO3, and MgSO4 were rated…