With every second that passes by we deal with an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere. The greenhouse effect has become a consensus among scientist around the world, and the need to control this issue has garnered lots of talks. The United States is a country in need of having to analyze this situation very carefully as it falls under the second highest producer of carbon dioxide. Although this is a problem in which all countries should unify to combat it effectively; the U…
we resolve this issue. According to NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), ocean acidification is defined as, “a reduction in the pH of the ocean over an extended period of time, caused primarily by uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere”. Carbon dioxide that has…
One of the most widely studied mitigation options for reducing concentration of CO2 in atmosphere involves injecting it into the ocean at great depths, where the gaseous CO2 reacts to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) as shown in equation (2.1). This equation shows various forms of CO2 as it is dissolved in the water (brine). Depending on the pH of the solution, either forms of CO2 may be observed (CO2 (aq), 〖"HCO" 〗_"3" ^"-" , 〖"CO" 〗_"3" ^"2-" ). There are two ways for storing CO2 in ocean, either…
1.4.2.2 Oxidizer The oxidizer is an another basic ingredient of solid propellant which produces high energy during combustion of composite solid propellants, which can be referred to as the substance that whose function is the oxidizing materials or supply of oxygen for deflagration of a propellant. Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is the most commonly used oxidizer in solid propellant applications, which replaced Potassium Perchlorate in the late 1940’s. AP was used as an oxidizer in various types of…
Biodiesel production is usually expressed through the process of trans-esterification reaction. Recently, homogeneous catalysts are broadly preferred for biodiesel production in eminent scale operation. Still, they are toxic, highly flammable and corrosive in nature [1]. Boey et al. analysed the purpose of the waste cockle shell from palm olein oil in biodiesel production of Anadara granosa. At 900 °C the waste shell was calcined for 2 h that mainly compiled of 71% of Ca to develop an active…
The Carbon Cycle Addition of carbon to the atmosphere Respiration: Through respiration, carbon dioxide can be added to the atmosphere. Living organisms use respiration to turn food into usable energy. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen to take place, and produces carbon dioxide, releasing it into the air and atmosphere. The energy taken from the food molecules following digestion is used to fuel the organism, additionally when mixed with oxygen, releases carbon dioxide when exhaling.…
What is a laccase? Laccases (EC 1.10.3.2, benzenediol: oxygen oxidoreductase) are monomeric, dimeric or tetrameric glycoproteins that are typically extracellular and categorized as multi copper oxidases (Mate and Alcalde, 2016a).They catalyze the oxidation of compounds that are coupled with the four-electron reduction of "O" _"2" "to" "H" _"2" "O" . They are regarded as eco-friendly enzymes. Laccases have been first discovered in 1883, which makes it one of the oldest enzymes ever observed…
Zinc is the member of the first row transition series of elements, consisting of Sc, Ti, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Hg. All these elements belong to group 12 of periodic table. Zinc has an atomic number 30, an atomic mass of 65 and one main oxidation state (+2). Zinc has five nature isotopes . Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in the earth’s crust. Its properties is very similar to Cd.Zinc is very useful in biological systems. Zinc also is involved in many biochemical processes that…
Different technologies are available for the treatment of gaseous streams containing VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds), namely catalytic or homogeneous combustion, absorption, adsorption, etc. The goal is either to recover the VOCs, or to destroy them, thus avoiding, in both cases, their emission into the atmosphere. The treatment of “lean” streams, where the concentration of the VOCs is particularly low (e.g. lower than 1% v/v), is a particularly challenging case study as the low concentration…
A benefit versus cost analysis of the United States Coast Guard Oil Prevention Spill program, concluded that efforts to reduce oil spills pays off. Resources allocated to safer working conditions and optimal maintenance suggest that reduced environmental damages could total 3.5 million dollars saved, 1.5 million saved in cleanup costs and approximately 1 million dollars of oil saved. Various ways to prevent oil spillage are the assessment of the technology used in transport and drilling,…