Carbon-13

will be discussed will be Radio Carbon Dating, Relative Dating, Absolute Dating, Remote Sensing, and Dendrochronolgy. Radio Carbon Dating is one of the ways scientists use to date objects, like bones. In the video, Radio Carbon Dating, the narrator, Mr. Anderson explains the way that scientists perform this dating. Simply put, there are three types of Carbon Dioxides in our air or atmosphere: Carbon 12, Carbon 13, and Carbon 14. Carbon 12 and Carbon 13 are carbons that will not change, they…

make things a lot easier than doing it by hand. But there are negative effects that gasoline engines have on people and the Earth. An effect from GEE (gasoline engine emissions) is the increase of red blood cells. This is caused by exposure to 13-107 ppm carbon monoxide. There is minor irritation, which are things that all impair the ability to live life healthy. Lung lavage cell counts are also effected by the exposure to gasoline engine exhaust fumes. When exposed to gasoline engine exhaust…

Our lives and the lives of those before us, have been unknowingly (or knowingly) shaped by elements. In The Disappearing Spoon, the author Sam Kean, discusses the wonderful world of the periodic table in depth. Within the first nine chapters of the novel, Kean explains the importance of location on the table, origin and discovery of each element, and its impact on other aspects of human life. Through various tales, the table is pulled apart and analyzed in an ingenious way. To a reader, it is…

Esterification is a Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reaction wherein a carboxylic acid or a derivative of a carboxylic acid accepts a nucleophile which in turns substitutes for a leaving group. In esterification a leaving group connected to the carbonyl carbon is substituted by an alkoxide ion which forms the formula RCOOR’ which is an ester. For this particular experiment the esterification used was the Fischer esterification reaction which involves a carboxylic acid and an alcohol mixed in…

fuel resources such as coal, but we are getting religion. With the right amount of will and leadership we can certainly avoid the worst ' ' ' (Marsa 124). Australia has started to work on reforms to change their nasty habits such as putting a tax on carbon, which has provided an incentive to lower the usage of fossil…

In the Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of norbornene, water and sulfuric acid were added to the C=C double bond to form norborneol. Sulfuric acid acted as a catalyst, where it was not consumed in the reaction and helped to propel the reaction forward, as it was vital in forming hydronium ion and breaking the double bond. Both the products endo-norborneol and exo-norborneol were synthesized; however regioselectivity and stereoselectivity played a role as to which product was more preferred and whether…

Beryllium General Characteristics According to Hornbostel (1991), Beryllium is a hard, exceptionally, lightweight, gray-white metal, corrosion resistant at ordinary temperatures; chemically it is related to aluminum. Other than titanium, it is the only light metal which has both good strength and a high melting point. Additionally, it is a good electrical conductor, has high modulus of elasticity, exceptionally transmit x-rays and sounds at very high velocities. Moreover, it has the ability to…

not rust or stain like normal steel would and even though it is called stainless steel, it is not entirely stainless, because in low-oxygen, high salinity environments it is able to be stained. The main difference between stainless steel and general carbon steel is the amount of chromium present. Due to the amount of chromium that stainless steel contains, the stainless steel will form a chromium oxide film which will help prevent corrosion as it blocks the oxygen fusing to the surface of the…

alloy and Iron is an element. Steel is also called as an alloy of iron, with the content of carbon controlled. 4% of carbon in Iron makes it Cast Iron and when the carbon content is less than 2%, the product is steel. Cast Iron is made from pig iron, which is the by-product of smelting of iron from an iron-foundry. Mild steel, which is also known as plain carbon steel, approximately contains 0.05-0.15% of carbon. This makes it malleable and ductile. Mild steel has a relatively low tensile…

Introduction 1.1 Polyurethane polyurethanes were first developed by Otto Bayer and coworkers in 1937. Shortly thereafter, Schollenberger and coworkers used formula modification to prepare elastomeric polyurethane products from Bayer's products that were like nylon or other engineering plastics in physical characteristics. PUs are widely used in coatings, flexible and rigid foams, elastomers, and composites. Reasons for the use of polyurethane coatings include: high performance characteristics…