Calorimetry

Analysis and Discussion The hypothesis that amylase would no longer hydrolyse the starch solution into maltose past 37°C was not supported by the data. Fig 1b, Fig 2.1 and Fig 2.2 all show the colour samples for various temperatures taken at increments of 10 seconds up to 40 seconds. Initially, 4°C was the slowest followed by 19°C then 37°C, 45°C, 80°C and 60°C being the fastest acting in the first 30 seconds. 80°C was the second-fastest acting temperature up until 20 seconds, but slowed down…

To meet the ever increasing demands for improved quality of life, a number of pharmaceutical researchers have developed a variety of dosage forms and the oral route has always been the most preferred means of drug administration due to the ease, high patient compliance and low cost of production. In spite of a variety of dosage forms, tablets are most commonly adopted dosage form. The class II drugs have low solubility issues which results in poor dissolution rate and bioavailability[1,2].…

The carbohydrates present on the cells surface can act as a receptor for many pathogens to facilitate cell-cell adhesion through which humans can be infected, for example, mannose binds pathogenic bacteria E. coli and sialic acid binds influenza virus. Therefore, cell surface can be mimicked by preparing SAMs of carbohydrates to study and understand different types of binding and inhibition studies in vitro. SAMs of carbohydrates are also used for detecting disease biomarkers and carrying drugs.…

Phase Solubility results The phase-solubility diagram (figure 1) obtained was classified as AL type(20) because the apparent solubility of ISH increased linearly with β-CD concentration over the entire concentration range studies, thereby suggesting the formation of a water soluble complex. A slope value of less than one indicated that an inclusion complex in a molar stoichiometric ratio of 1:1 was formed between the drug and β-CD in solution. The stability constant (718.58 M–1), computed from…

In physics, energy is usually described as the ability of a system to perform work. However, this definition is often challenged because of the many different forms energy can hold. There have been definitions derived which are more suitable to certain contexts. Thermal energy is a more specific energy explored in this investigation process. Thermal energy is one of the types of energy which can be defined by ‘the ability to perform work’. It is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy…

2.2. Methods 2.2.1. Preparation of econazole nitrate nanoparticles The econazole nanoparticles were prepared by nano-spray drying technique. Weighed amounts of econazole nitrate, carriers and stabilizers (table 1) were dissolved in ethanol (10 ml) followed by spraying through the Buchi® nano-spray dryer B-90 (Büchi Labortechnik, Switzerland). The nano-spray dryer was operated using inert loop B-295 system (Büchi Labortechnik AG, Flawil, Switzerland) operated using nitrogen gas with flow rate of…

Physical activity and well being Review of literature Introduction: According to WHO physical activity is defined as moment produced by skeletal muscle that requires energy expenditure. It regulates moderate intensity, physical activity such as walking , cycling or participating in sports has significant benefits for health. It reduces the risk of CVD’s, diabetes, colon and breast cancer. According to Krause “physical activity involves bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal…

Results and Discussion 3.1 Composition of wheat starch granules The composition of starches and their separated A- and B- granules of two varieties are shown in Table 1. Amylose content of starches lies between 16.96 -24.69. The B-granules of the both varieties showed the lower value of amylose content while A- granules attributed to the high amylopectin to amylose ratio. Swelling power results the ability of starch to hydrate in specific cooking and heating process (90 °C/ 30 min.). The…

ABSTRACT Solubility is the phenomenon of dissolution of solid in liquid phase to give a homogenous system.Solubility is one of the important parameter to achieve desired concentration of drug in systemic circulation for pharmacological response to be shown. Poor watersolubledrugs often require high doses in order to reach therapeutic plasma concentrations after oral administration. Low aqueoussolubility is the major problem encountered with formulation development of new chemical entities. Any…

Complexation of Cyclodextrins Cyclodextrins (CDs) are most important carriers because of their semi-natural property as it is produced from a natural material i.e. starch, by simple enzymatic conversion. Solubility and dissolution rate of BCS class II drugs can be improved by addition or by complexation with hydrophilic carriers like cyclodextrins. Cyclodextrins have the capability to form inclusion complexes with the guest molecules i.e. poorly water soluble drugs. The formed inclusion complex…