Butanol

Following TLC, the sample was evaporated with the Rotavap® and then extracted using 4:1 1-butanol and ethyl acetate as the organic layer and water. The sample failed to dissolve, so the organic layer was decanted off, and dichloromethane was used instead. The bottom-layer (dichloromethane and sample) was run through the Rotavap® and the sample…

Nucleophilic substitutions are a fundamental class of reactions in organic chemistry. This type of reaction involves a nucleophile, or an electron rich species, attacking an electrophilic site, or an area that carries a positive or partially positive charge, in order to replace a leaving group. There are two possible mechanisms to account for the attack of the nucleophile; the first occurs in a concerted process, or in one step and the second mechanism occurs in two steps and involves a…

Nucleophilic Substitution: Preparation of 1-Bromobutane and Alkyl Halide Classification Tests INTRODUCTION The purpose of this experiment was to demonstrate the conversion of a primary alcohol to 1-bromobutance with the Sn2 mechanism using sodium bromide and then to characterize the compound with two different alkyl halide tests. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Nucleophilic aliphatic substitution involves chemical reactions where a neutral molecule or an anion called a nucleophile substitutes a…

Purpose: As derivatives of carboxylic acids, esters are abundant compounds that often contribute to the fragrances in flowers, fruits, and coffee. Esters are synthesized from either organic or inorganic acids through a process called esterification. In this reaction, a carboxylic acid (RCOOH) and an alcohol (R’OH) mix in the presence of a strong acid catalyst to form a neutral, water-insoluble ester (RCOO’R) that gives off a pleasant smell. The following is an example of this reaction: The…

6.3. A. Microemulsions (135-143) Microemulsions are clear, stable, isotropic mixtures of oil, water, and surfactant, frequently in combination with a cosurfactant 135-137. Microemulsions have several advantages such as enhanced drug solubility, good thermodynamic stability, and higher transdermal permeability over conventional formulations 138,139. Many studies reported the use of microemulsions as topical drug delivery vehicles showed their ability to improve transdermal and dermal delivery…

3. Objective In this project, a coordination compound, [Co(II)EDTA]2− will be prepared and its magnetic moment will be determined by NMR spectroscopy. A full picture of the clock behaviour will be presented through the combination of measurements provided by NMR spectroscopy alongside those obtained using more orthodox techniques such as UV spectrometry and pH measurements. The experiment in Dr. Evans paper will replicated using the same measurements and techniques. This project is to serve as a…

[Stretton n.d.] (kJ/mol) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average (mean) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average (mean) Ethanol 46.07 1.447 1.327 1.371 1.382 -133.1 -145.1 -140.5 -139.3 -1367 Propanol 60.10 1.133 1.375 1.255 1.254 -221.7 -182.7 -200.2 -200.3 -2021 Butanol 74.12 1.181 1.046 1.119 1.115 -262.3 -296.2 -276.9 -277.9 -2676 Pentanol 88.15 1.047 1.006 1.166 1.073 -351.9 -366.3 -316.0 -343.4 -3329 Hexanol 102.2 0.7920 0.9940 1.014 0.9333 -539.2 -429.6 -421.2 -457.6 -3984 Sample Calculation: The…

Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel for diesel engines that is made from renewable biological sources like vegetable oils, animal fats, and microalgae. Since its main feedstock is a vegetable oil or animal fat, biodiesel is generally considered to be renewable. There are four primary ways known to make biodiesel – (1) direct use and blending, (2) microemulsions, (3) thermal cracking and (4) transesterification. Although the main use is the transesterification of vegetable oils and animal…

Since the industrial revolution fuels have been used for power. Fossil fuels are organic matter made from remains of flora and fauna which has been subjected to immense pressure and heat deep within the earth over millions of years. Now fuels such as petroleum are used to power vehicles such as cars airplanes and ships (Mitshibishi Heavy Industries, 2015). Fuels are products that are burned to release energy in the form of heat or power, fuels are made out of coal, oil, natural gas, and wood and…

The kinetics of the reaction between peroxomonosulphate with Lactic acid was studied in the presence of Mn(II) at alkaline pH. The reaction followed first order with respect to peroxomonosulphate. The rate of the reaction was studied under pseudo first order condition and found to increases with the [Mn(II)] and lactic acid. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated and reported. Based on the results a rate equation, kinetic scheme and a most probable mechanism has been predicted. Keywords: Alpha…