fluids in engineering systems using modeling such as mathematical physical problem formulation and numerical methods like discretization methods, solver, numerical parameters and grid generation. Computational fluid dynamics is based on the concept of Reynolds averaging of the unsteady Navier-Stokes equation commonly known as (RANS) which are considered by Leishman to be the most adaptable method for analyzing nonlinear viscous flows providing that a suitable turbulence model is employed. In…
The play took place in Dublin, Ireland in the 1960s. At this time, homosexual relations were not socially accepted. The one who made the laws were the people of the church. In this century, their bible was like our modern day US Constitution. Therefore, there were gender roles and practices that were strictly enforced. One societal expectation that affected the characters was that you must marry. This affected Alfie because he was tortured by his friends and even his sister Lilly because he is…
Introduction It has been a puzzling question in fluid mechanics for quite some time as to why golf balls are designed with dimples. In the 1800’s it was discovered that a ball with scuffs in it flew through the air more consistently than a smooth golf ball.6 Manufacturers started incorporating patterns to golf balls to try and find which gave a more stable and reliable flight pattern. In the 1900’s it was determined that the strategic placement of indentations maximizes lift while minimizing…
quantity. The factors that affect the drag coefficient is the shape of the body, the roughness of the surface, the viscosity of the fluid and compressibility of the object. The viscosity of the fluid introduces the Reynold Number. In Engineering, a key concept to understand is the Reynolds Number. It is the ratio inertial forces (resistance to motion) compared to the viscous forces (fluid 's internal resistance to flow). It is dependent of the velocity, density characteristic length and dynamic…
Fluid dynamics relating to bluff bodies, non-streamlined structures or streamlined bodies at large angles of attack, remains a critical focus of study within the fluid mechanics community. One particular area of interests involves the occurrence of fluid-induced vibrations, or more commonly known as vortex-induced vibrations (VIV’s), exerted on bluff bodies. Due to the production of vortex shedding beyond bluff cross sections, an alternating pressure distribution produces periodic fluctuations…
Energy Equation, (3) Where u and v are velocity component along the x and y directions of a Cartesian coordinate system respectively, t is the time, p is the pressure, Re (= ρU∞d/μ) is the Reynolds number, Pr (= μCp/k) is the Prandtl number, T is the temperature, d is the diameter of cylinder, k is the thermal conductivity of fluid, Cp is the heat capacity of fluid, ρ is the density of fluid, μ is the dynamic viscosity of fluid and U∞ is the…
Once upon a time, there lived a cunning woman named Charlotte. She had long brown hair that swept her shoulders and she had shining deep blue eyes and tan skin. She lived on a perfect little island with lush green forests,shining rivers, and sandy beaches that smelled like the sea. It was called Ocleous. Throughout the village, Charlotte was known as the most intelligent person alive, almost as smart as Athena, the goddess of wisdom. If anyone had a problem, they would go the Charlotte.…
During Cesario’s quarrel with Sir Andrew outside Olivia's manor, Antonio, assuming Cesario is Sebastian, attempts to protect the man he loves. However, an officer catches Antonio who has an offense towards the Duke; Antonio then asks “Sebastian” or Cesario to help him out of this situation as previously he “snatch’d [him] one half out the jaws of death, [and] relieved him with such sanctity of love.” Cesario confused does not help him, thus Antonio’s exuberant love for Sebastian resulted in his…
What chracterizes the axial flow turbine is its rotation axis. It could be placed vertically or horizontally to water surface. In this latter type the axis is parallel positioned to the incoming water stream. Also the generator can be submerged under water or non-submerged. This turbine is usually used as tidal energy converter. For small river use, the axis could be an angle inclined to the water stream. See figure \ref{Hydro_HorizontalAxis}. Hydrokinetic converters with a vertical axis…
The Sunday School Easter program was about to begin at Bethesda Baptist Church in Washington, D.C. For my last time speaking in front of the congregation before leaving for Tennessee State University (TSU), I was charged with introducing the speaker of the program. As I stood in front of hundreds of people to recite the introduction that I wrote, I was confident and thoughts of how far I had come since giving my life to Christ ran thru my mind. My spiritual journey began when I was about 5…