Buffer zone

Enzymes and Metabolic Rates Introduction Enzymes are catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed or changed themselves. Each enzyme has a substrate that will match perfectly, almost as if it is a lock and key fit. If the substrate does not fit the enzyme only partial to no function will occur. Each enzyme is formed of polypeptide chains that wind and bend to form complex grooves and valleys. These grooves are the active sites. The active site is where the substrate will…

The SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line was procured from National Centre for Cell Sciences, India and maintained in (DMEM) (Sigma Aldrich, USA) and Ham 's F12 nutrient mixture (F12) (Sigma Aldrich, USA) in 1:1 ratio. The medium was supplemented with 2 mmol L-glutamine (HiMedia, India), 10% (v/v) heat inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Hyclone Laboratories, Logan, UT) and 1% antibiotics (penicillin/streptomycin). Cells were cultured at 37 ºC in a humidified CO2 ¬incubator containing 5% CO2 and…

At any operating time the sludge interface height for treated sludge is lower than that for untreated sludge. The Zone settling velocity is determined as the slope of the linear part, which in the calculations is defined as the steepest slope in the curve [16], Based on this criteria the zone settling velocity increased from 43.2(m/d) for untreated sludge to 98.4(m/d) for treated sludge, for factor of safety equal to 2 the hydraulic loading rate of gravity…

The identity of different unknown solutions can be determined by measuring their respective pH values. Those solutions who possess pH values less than that of 7 is considered as acids, those with pH values greater than 7 are known to be bases, while those having pH equal to 7 is identified as neutral substances (Petrucci, 2011). Identifying its electrolytic property also helps to characterize the given solutions. Strong electrolytes, such as strong acids and bases and salts are known to fully…

Buffer Systems As humans, we constantly need to regulate our bodily pH. This regulation process is called homeostasis, and is controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland by a buffering system. A buffer solution is used to maintain the pH at a safe acidity. “A buffer solution is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid” (Boundless, 2010) Equation 1 – Generic Buffer Equation HA (aq) + H2O (l) --> H3O+(aq)…

Optimisation studies were carried out on the basis of varying initial concentration of Chitosan and Xanthan, and varying pH of Chitosan solution. The results obtained were interesting. Unstable capsules were formed with the following combination of Xanthan and Chitosan concentration. The Chitosan solution pH was kept constant at 5. The above table gives the inference that when Xanthan concentration is less than or equal to 0.5% or Chitosan concentration is less than or equal to 0.5%, the…

Like the sodium phosphate buffer, the solid was dissolved in 300 milliliters of distilled in a 500-mL beaker using a stirrer and a magnetic stirring bar. The pH of the solution was then checked using the pH meter and it was brought down to the desired pH of 4.8 using a couple of drops of glacial acetic acid. Then it was poured into a 500-mL graduated cylinder and brought up to a volume of 1000 milliliters using distilled water. The buffer was poured into a labeled glass bottle and…

Homeostasis is the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body. To achieve homeostasis, the body must actively regulate conditions that are constantly changing. As our bodies undergo their everyday processes, we are continuously exposed to new conditions. We call these conditions variables. One variable familiar to all of us is body temperature. Body temperature is a variable that can increase in a hot environment or decrease in a cold one. The organ systems…

half-equivalence point as well as buffers. The half equivalence point allows the calculation of pH from pKa, as they are both equal at the half equivalence point, proven by the Henderson Hasslbach equation. It was Henderson in 1908 that created an equation allowing for the logarithmic calculation for pH from a buffer and the pKa which consequently lead to the knowledge and applications of buffers that we have today. Buffers were also analyzed in the experiment as buffers consist of equal molar…

Information for reference) which can be seen as an effect of the specific pH on the catalase enzyme. This identified trend can also be supported by the raw data values of the control test tubes as it demonstrated that the hydrogen peroxide and the pH buffer solution did not affect the boiling chips (which did not contain the enzyme catalase) and it was from the presence of catalase within the potato discs which caused the resulting froth…