Buffer zone

The phosphate buffer system(pKa=6.8) has very low concentration in blood. Hence its effect can be practically neglected compared to bicarbonate buffer system(pKa=6.1). The normal bicarbonate level in blood is 22-26 meq/L. The effective pH of the buffered solution can be calculated by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation as: pH = pKa + log10 ( [HCO3] / 0.03 x pCO2) The general equation for the action of bicarbonate buffer is: CO2 + H2O <==C…

It is essential for pharmacists to be able to predict the theoretical rate kinetics of pharmaceutical products in order to determine its shelf life. As the shelf life is defined by (t90), which is the availability of greater or equal to 90% of the drug, it is important to discover the rate of degradation of a drug to ensure that the patients receive an adequate dose of the drug. In this experiment, the stability of the active ingredient of Aspro Clear is investigated to identify the rate of…

In vitro, in vivo and in silico drug-drug interaction study between Vildagliptin and Bisoprolol fumarate. ABSTRACT Objective: Present study was aimed to evaluate the in vitro, in vivo and in silico complexation nature and strength of complex which may be formed due to interaction between Vildagliptin and Bisoprolol fumarate. Methods: The interaction of Vildagliptin and Bisoprolol fumarate has been studied in aqueous systems at a fixed temperature (370C) at pH 1.0, 3.0 and 6.8 by using some…

Buffers are substances that help reduce the changes in concentrations of ions which are known as hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions. The composition of a buffer in an acidic aqueous solution is combined containing a weak acid and salt of conjugate base of the weak acid. (Importance of Buffers, 2013) The composition of a buffer in a basic aqueous solution is combined containing a weak base and a salt of conjugate acid of weak base. A buffer solution resists the changes in pH therefore resisting…

carboxylate-terminated surface. The Au electrode was cleaned and immersed into 1mM 11-Mercaptoundecanoic acid and 50mM phosphate buffer for about 17h to form a carboxylate-terminated self-assembled monolayer followed by the activation carboxylate groups on Si and Au electrode in 75mM N-(3-(Dimethylamino)propyl-N’-(ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride) and 15mM N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide sodium salt in 50mM buffer solution for about 1h. The antibody coated electrodes were created by immersing for 1h…

For this catalase experiment it was decided that the group was to keep the concentration of catalase and hydrogen peroxide the same and only change the level of pH buffer throughout the experiments conducted. This was done to observe the effect different levels of pH buffers have on the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide and the volume of oxygen released. The results from the majority of experiments conducted reflect that though they are in consensus with the hypothesis that the volume of oxygen…

Emily Melendez January 31, 2017 BSC2010 Enzyme I: pH and Temperature Lab Report Introduction: (2008, November 11). Without Enzyme, Biological Reaction Essential To Life Takes 2.3 Billion Years. Retrieved January 31, 2017. The basic concept that is being explored are about enzymes. Enzymes are proteins that are known for being sparkplugs in a chemical reaction. Enzymes have a shape and for them to ‘spark’ they must have the proper substrate for it to work U. This does not change the enzyme’s…

The purpose of this experiment is to learn how to prepare albumin from egg white and to understand the basics of protein fractionation using ammonium sulfate. Ovalbumin is the major protein of egg white and is fractionated by means of ammonium sulfate precipitation. The properties of the solvent system will dissolve the protein and greatly impact solubility. In total, there are four major factors that affect protein solubility: ionic strength, pH, temperature, and dielectric constant of solvents…

Chromium (Cr) is one of the most toxic chemical compounds due to the common use of chromium compounds in industry in addition to its natural sources (Costa et al., 2003). Exposure to chromium occurs via contaminants found in drinking water and food, through air containing particulates or mists of hexavalent chromium Cr (VI) compounds, or through skin contact with soil at hazardous waste sites (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2013). Cr (VI) may be found in drinking water…

for 30 min at room temperature. Then, trypsin/chymotrypsin- digested samples of KPNB1 obtained from the UV-crosslinking experiments with various concentrations of compound 1 were analyzed by nanoflow liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The tandem mass spectra of the trypsin/chymotrypsin-digested KPNB1-compound 1 adducts showed 10 peptides coupled to compound 1 (Table S1, the Supplementary Information). Among these adducts, we found that the amounts of three of the products,…