Buffer solution

Since acetic acid is considered a weak acid (strong within the scale of weak acids), there is a range at which the acetic acid and acetate will form a stable buffer. Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for buffers, it’s possible to calculate the pH based on the ratio of acid to conjugate base, or calculate the ratio given the pH and pKa value. Finding charge on a protonated amine: The pKa value given for the amino group on any amino acid specifically refers to the equilibrium between the…

The phosphate buffer system(pKa=6.8) has very low concentration in blood. Hence its effect can be practically neglected compared to bicarbonate buffer system(pKa=6.1). The normal bicarbonate level in blood is 22-26 meq/L. The effective pH of the buffered solution can be calculated by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation as: pH = pKa + log10 ( [HCO3] / 0.03 x pCO2) The general equation for the action of bicarbonate buffer is: CO2 + H2O <==C…

take if you were to break a beaker with a pH 9 solution. First, once a spill occurs, ensure everyone (especially the lab instructor/advisor) around the area or in the lab knows about the occurrence. Second, it would be best to make sure that you have not been contaminated with the chemical, meaning that you should take care of yourself by washing the affected areas. Third, once your hands are dry, you should then make an effort to neutralize the solution of pH 9 as close as possible to pH 7 and…

Also germination is stimulated by an uptake of water and due to the shortage of H+ ions in more alkaline solutions this may delay or terminate germination. The pH of soil can affect the spread of important nutrients with in the soil, and unevenness can prevent a plant from absorbing them. Before plants can use a nutrient it must be dissolved in the soil solution. Most minerals and nutrients are most soluble and so more available for plant absorption in a pH of just below 7, rather…

Chromium (Cr) is one of the most toxic chemical compounds due to the common use of chromium compounds in industry in addition to its natural sources (Costa et al., 2003). Exposure to chromium occurs via contaminants found in drinking water and food, through air containing particulates or mists of hexavalent chromium Cr (VI) compounds, or through skin contact with soil at hazardous waste sites (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2013). Cr (VI) may be found in drinking water…

Proteins are known as the building blocks of cells in all living organisms. Many hormones are made up of proteins and the digestive system, immune system and blood replies on proteins. Therefore, protein is an essential part of healthy diet, and integral to development of the body. The purpose of performing this lab is to analyzing the activity of TEM-1 B-lactamase and how it reacts with high temperatures, chaotropic salts, detergents and pH values. INTRODUCTION: Primary protein structure is…

Optimisation studies were carried out on the basis of varying initial concentration of Chitosan and Xanthan, and varying pH of Chitosan solution. The results obtained were interesting. Unstable capsules were formed with the following combination of Xanthan and Chitosan concentration. The Chitosan solution pH was kept constant at 5. The above table gives the inference that when Xanthan concentration is less than or equal to 0.5% or Chitosan concentration is less than or equal to 0.5%, the…

The purpose of this experiment is to learn how to prepare albumin from egg white and to understand the basics of protein fractionation using ammonium sulfate. Ovalbumin is the major protein of egg white and is fractionated by means of ammonium sulfate precipitation. The properties of the solvent system will dissolve the protein and greatly impact solubility. In total, there are four major factors that affect protein solubility: ionic strength, pH, temperature, and dielectric constant of solvents…

The SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line was procured from National Centre for Cell Sciences, India and maintained in (DMEM) (Sigma Aldrich, USA) and Ham 's F12 nutrient mixture (F12) (Sigma Aldrich, USA) in 1:1 ratio. The medium was supplemented with 2 mmol L-glutamine (HiMedia, India), 10% (v/v) heat inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Hyclone Laboratories, Logan, UT) and 1% antibiotics (penicillin/streptomycin). Cells were cultured at 37 ºC in a humidified CO2 ¬incubator containing 5% CO2 and…

The neutral pH and room temperature tubes produced the most foam. This is because the enzyme is most reactive at these points. pH 7 is like water being added to the solution, the other pH levels are too acidic or too basic for the enzyme. Room temperature involves the enzyme in its natural state. When the pH level is too acidic/basic or when the temperature is too cold/hot the enzyme begins to denature, or breakdown…