British Heart Foundation

happens when the esophageal sphincter does not close properly. The acid from your stomach then comes up to your esophagus. This well then cause heartburns and ulcers. Some good ways to keep your esophagus healthy are: Quit smoking due to the increase in heart burn Eat healthy because it will keep your esophagus clean Don't drink as a result it can weaken your esophagus…

Outcome of the hypospadias reconstruction is closely related to getting an expert knowledge about the surgical anatomy of the normal and hypospadiac penis. In general, the hypospadiac and the normal penis are similar in many aspects. The anatomical and histological analysis revealed that the neurodevelopment and the corporal bodies are similar except at the ventral aspect where there is arrested urethral development, deficient of corpora spongiosum, and abortive prepuce. (13) In general the…

Cardiac transplantation has emerged as an effective treatment modality for patients with end stage heart disease. According to the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation, it has been estimated that more than 5,000 heart transplants are performed every year worldwide(1). The Heart and Stroke Statistics 2012 update by American Heart Association estimated that about 2333 cardiac transplantation procedures were performed in 2010 in the United States alone(2). Cardiac allograft…

Ewww! That is what people in Flint are saying when they see what is coming out of their sinks and bathtubs. Flint has been going through a water crisis, their water has lead in it and some people don’t have the money to buy gallons of water for their family to use. A single mother of three was being interviewed and had said, ‘“I can’t afford to go buy 20 gallons of water just to bathe him one time,’” For instance, their doctor told them that he doesn’t want him bathing in the tap water at their…

Vasoplegic syndrome (VS) is a well-known form of vasodilatory shock that occurs in up to 44% of patients after cardiac surgery employing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)(1). CPB is often associated with a systemic inflammatory response and transient vascular dysfunction that results in profound and persistent vasodilation, leading to a decrease in systemic vascular resistance that grounds severe hypotension refractory to proper fluid resuscitation, and an increased requirement for vasopressors…

1. Describe the clinical trials process of how a drug is approved by the FDA. The clinical trials process can be divided into four phases. Phase one, the researchers recruit a small group of healthy people (20-100 people) into the trial. This phase focuses on absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. The small dose will be administered. At the end of phase one, the safe dosage and the best route to administer drug will be set. Phase two is similar to phase one. The difference is…

Stroke is fifth leading cause of death in the Unites States, killing nearly 130,000 Americans each year; that’s 1 out of every 20 deaths.1 Strokes are also referred to as cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs), which is the sudden death of brain cells due to lack of oxygen when blood flow to the brain is impaired by blockage or rupture of an artery.2 With the occurrence of strokes being so prevalent, finding an effective way to prevent CVAs is crucial. To understand which preventative measures may be…

Physiology Heart murmurs are aberrant heart noises that can be noted when using a stethoscope. Typically, these sounds come from the abnormal motion of blood amid cardiac chambers and across valves. As a result, turbulence occurs, bringing about “vibrations in the chambers of the heart or outflow vessels (aorta or pulmonary artery) that are detected as audible, low-frequency sounds,” (Klabunde, 2016). These sounds are different from the regular heart sounds that symbolize the closing of the…

Grace Burton and Emily Dickey May 23rd, 2017 Anatomy HN - Vogel 4th Period Atrial Fibrillation Inside of the cardiovascular system, the heart normally has a regular heartbeat that is consistent. But for some people, their heartbeat is quivering and irregular which is called arrhythmia as the atria gets off beat. This rapid, abnormal heart-related condition is called Atrial Fibrillation, or more commonly known as AFib or AF. It can be caused by a variety of things, including some…

We are exposed to so many medical issues and problems on our day to day routine that we sometimes forget their names as well. The world today is so occupied with diseases and ailments that every now and then we get to hear about a new endemic being spread. Amongst these convulsions there arose a very widely spreading common problem of Varicose Veins. In some cases these veins do not cause any serious problems but in cases of serious cosmetic issues and dermatitis, varicose veins treatment…