Brainstem

on two mutations respectively on the microtubules associated protein tau gene (MAPT) and progranulin (GRN) genes [57](Rademakers et al., 2012). DLB is yet another common type of dementia that is characterized by the presence of Lewy bodies in the brainstem, throughout the amygdala and cortex [75](Wu, 2011). Lewy bodies are composed of accumulated α-synuclein inside the nuclei of neurons [63](Shults, 2006). Symptoms are typically similar to that of AD, although DLB patients experience visual…

Journaling my dreams was not a very easy thing for me to do. I tend to not remember my dreams, so it took a lot of hard work for me to correctly recollect them. The reason I chose this dream to analyze was because I found it so strange and completely untrue. The truth about how I felt about my mother and how she treated me was nothing close to my dream. That is why I actually enjoyed analyzing it and getting down to the truth of what it really meant. The first thing I distinctly remember from…

Based on the article called, history of Music Therapy, it states that music rehabilitation before, during and after surgeries was first known to be used as an alternative painkiller in 1789. The patients are not the only ones who benefit from this. The surgeons use music in their operation rooms to help them settle their nerves. Music treatment is a fascinating knowledge that has been utilized for centuries to alleviate the ways people control most of their daily routine it is incredible the…

Adult Case Study (Ear) What additional historical data would you like to collect? A general history of ear, nose, mouth, and throat including current or recent exposure of respiratory infections should be collected. In order to find out if the vertigo is from a systemic cause, ask key questions like: What other health problems do you have? Are you anxious or nervous? What makes the dizziness worse or what makes the dizziness and ringing in your ear go away? Cardiovascular problems such as…

Patient Y is a 58year old male that was referred to our department with a large (3x3cm) node of the R neck, level II, which he had had for 3 years. His fine needle aspiration (FNA) results showed potential small cell neuro-endocrine tumour, but had insufficient tissue for a confirmed diagnosis. His oncologist sent him for further staging tests, which included a MRI which only confirmed the nodal involvement and advised a core needle biopsy of the mass. This revealed a squamous cell carcinoma…

The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei that act as a cohesive functional unit, and are located at the base of the forebrain. The basal ganglia have strong connections with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and other areas of the brain like the supplemental premotor cortex. The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions, which include voluntary motor control, procedural learning, eye movements, and even emotional functions. Among its many essential functions, one of its most vital…

the modern technology and assessment of hearing for newborns, most commonly referred to as the Universal Newborn Hearing Screening (UNHS). In the United States, as of 2007, over 90% of newborns are being screened. UNHS uses Automatic Auditory Brainstem Response (AABR) and Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE) to “detect permanent or fluctuating, bilateral or unilateral, and sensory or conductive hearing loss that averages 30 to 40 dB or greater in the frequency range critical for speech recognition”…

Understanding the Symptoms and Treatments of Parkinson’s Disease In this day and age, many people are affected with a wide range of diseases that can potentially last for a few months to a lifetime. However, there are a few factors that can alter the outcome of a disease depending on an individual’s environment and wellbeing. Some of the factors involved includes: age, gender, and genetics. It is commonly known that as we age throughout life, we have a higher risk to be prone to more than one…

Alzheimer’s disease is a type of dementia and is also the most common form of it. It is According to the Alzheimer’s Association, it accounts for 60 to 80 percent of dementia. This disease is an advanced loss of intellectual function that eventually interferes with someone’s day to day living; such as relationships, work ethic, and even personal hygiene. With Alzheimer’s, there is a lack of ambition, changes in personality, and weakened judgment. This progressive disease happens in people who…

If you had to choose between saving the life of one person or the life of five people, what choice would you make? This is the question asked by the ubiquitous “trolley problem” that presents the choice between allowing a runaway trolley to hit five people or flipping a switch to change the tracks so it hits only one person. For many, the decision would be almost knee-jerk, that saving five people would be the more appropriate choice. However, what if to save those five people you would have to…