Bose–Einstein condensate

After hearing about it from Mr. Boll, I decided to do some research on it. Bose-Einstein Condensate, or BEC for short, is named after Albert Einstein and Satyendra Nathan Bose who predicted this state of matter existed in 1925, but were not able to prove it’s existence. Seventy years later, two scientists named Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman, from the University of Colorado, created the first BEC. They used two-thousand rubidium-87 atoms to make it, and laser cooling and magnetic evaporative cooling to cool it. Four months later, Wolfgang Ketterle condensed sodium-27 atoms at MIT. “Bose–Einstein condensates are extremely fragile. The slightest interaction with the external environment can be enough to warm them past the condensation threshold, eliminating their interesting properties and forming a normal gas” (Wikipedia). The temperature of the BEC made by Cornell and Wieman was just a few billionths of degrees above absolute zero, which is extremely cold. Absolute zero is a theoretical value of the coldest thing in existence; it is zero degrees kelvin, -273.15 degrees celsius, and…

Einstein developed the theory that light travels at the same speed no matter the “frame of reference” which contradicted Galileo’s previously believed theory of relativity, giving the scientific community a different idea to ponder (Hayden 12). Albert discovered that the universe was constantly expanding, later proven by Edwin Hubble, which discredited the previous view that the universe was static or never changing, altering the scientific world’s past beliefs (Biography.com 14). One of…

In Abraham Pais’s article, “What Happened in Copenhagen?: A Physicist's View and the Playwright's Response,” Pais argues the historical accuracy of Michael Frayn’s 1998 play, Copenhagen. Frayn’s play depicts a meeting that took place in 1941 between prominent physicist Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg. The play takes place is the Nazi occupied Denmark, and sheds light on the political issues both men are facing. Following Pais’s dispute regarding small details of the play, Frayn then gives his…

Daniel Bernoulli, proclaimed to be the greatest out of all the Bernoulli in his family, made the basis for the kinetic theory of gases, applied the idea of Boyle’s law, worked on elasticity with Leonhard Euler, the development of the Euler-Bernoulli beam equation, and one of the most important Bernoulli’s Principle which is critical to aerodynamics. At the beginning of Daniel’s life he wasn’t allowed to choose what he wanted to be or be able to pursue the career he wanted, but this shaped the…

A large portion of the book Alice in Quantumland tries to help Alice make sense of wave interference. The Classical Mechanic leads Alice to a place referred to as the gedanken room, meaning the thinking room. In said room, anything that one thinks appears as substance, making it possible to perform quantum experiments. The Classical Mechanical then proceeds to explain interference by a simple definition to Alice. “Interference is something that happens with waves. You can have all kinds of waves…

Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann was born in Breselenz, a village close to Dannenberg in the Kingdom of Hanover, which is now mostly known as Federal Republic of Germany. His father, Friedrich Bernhard Riemann, was a poor Lutheran Minister in Breselenz who took part in the Napoleonic Wars and finally settled as a pastor in Quickborn. On the other hand, his mother, Charlotte Ebell, unfortunately died before her children had reached adulthood. Riemann was second among his 6 brothers and sisters,…

Right now, I want you to take a look at your phone. When you do this you will find many different components that make your phone, well, your phone. The screen is lit up. Voice transmitting, really making it a phone. There is a camera, which is along the lines of motion photography. Music recorded on your phone, dating back to the first phonograph. And last but not least, a nickel alkaline battery, powering the whole phone. What does this have to do with what I am researching, you may ask? All…

A genius, a scientist, a man who was ahead of his time, an alien? Many people don’t know much about Albert Einstein other than he was a crazy scientist with crazy hair, but he in fact also had some crazy ideas and theories that make life as we know it today make sense scientifically. He lived throughout a time of war and poverty, running from the military, and then later helping the US Navy build weapons to fight against his birthplace, Germany. Some of the things Albert Einstein discovered and…

“Embracing that which makes you different,is what makes you most powerful and strong?”This quote by Darren Criss is good to live by because it is beneficial to people.Another way of phrasing this quote to help better understand it is that people gain strength when embracing what makes them unique.This quote is appealing because what other people may conceive as a weakness is actually what gives you strength.Today,people in society admire stories of triumph and overcoming obstacles.These stories…

Albert Einstein, a respected Nobel Prize winner and scientist who had a great impact on the science community through his research that created answers to the mysteries of the physical world such as the general theory of relativity. He was an intelligent individual, obtaining many honors and titles in the science community. Einstein truly represents something that many of us long for, success. As a society, we often praise him and others who seemed to have been gifted with the desirable gift of…