Border Gateway Protocol

techniques are used to prevent routing loops: 1. Split Horizon 2. Route poisoning 3. Hold-down timer Explain two of the above techniques briefly with diagrams. SOLUTION ROUTING LOOPS Routing loops occur as a result of inconsistent routing table. When using distance-vector routing, routers can learn “bad” routes and send them to other routers thereby forming a loop. In simplest terms it is a packet that never reaches its destination and just keeps traversing between the same routers in an endless circle. SPLIT HORIZON It is used along with other techniques to prevent routing loops in distance-vector routing protocols such as Routing Information Protocol (RIP), Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), Virtual Private Lan Service (VPLS). It is one of the features that was included to improve Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) stability. Split horizon rule is that a node should not send routing information back in the direction it came. In other words, it means a router should not send routing updates out through the interface it was received or learnt. Split Horizon has another variation called Split Horizon with poison reverse which allows a node advertise routes as unreachable over the interface which they were learned by setting the route metric or minimum cost to infinite. The diagram below with example explains Split Horizon. NETWORK A NETWORK B…

reached There are two types of routing loops that can occur in a network: Transient routing loops and persistent routing loops (Hengartner, Moon, Mortier, & Diot) Transient loops occur in networks as a result of time delays in propagation of routing information to the different parts of the network. These loops are as the name implies usually temporary and need no human intervention. They tend to resolve themselves as the devices converge. Persistent loops happen as a result of different…

Tim Burton, on the other hand, utilized his main character, Edward Bloom, in the movie Big Fish during the 1950s to show how getting passed the one-way thinking and making decisions without fear and rules can open new doors leading to fresh adventures, trials, and relationships, delving into a more significant understanding of oneself and the world around them. These two pieces emphasize different stages of the same theme specifically using the common elements border crossing and hybridity…

The border between The United States and Mexico has long been known as one of the most dangerous parts of the country. Dangerous drug cartels pushing people and drugs over the border, constantly are adapting and finding new ways to do so. This would pose a bigger threat if not for the United States border patrol agents who are on guard all hours of the day trying to prevent contraband from entering the country. Terry Kirkpatrick served in Nogales Arizona, and later Mexico. After receiving many…

Speaking of women working in the sex trade, Biemann states in her article, “unless they go out with the customers and provide personal entertainment and sexual services, they will not earn a living”(Biemann 2013, 403). Driven by a need for survival, women around the world are forced into prostitution and can become victims of sex trafficking. While it is morally wrong to use a women for sexual pleasure for money, it is a common way women are brought across borders, in order to make a living…

Stretching out approximately 2000 miles long, the U.S.-Mexico concrete border has its own loopholes where at certain points the security is not tight. This enables people to cross the border without papers. However, this is not to say that those people will not find any difficulties in crossing. A note to remember, the unauthorized border crossing means risking everything it may take because the spots are not considered comfortable to be crossed such as crossing through abandoned tunnel (El…

Having been attacked on its own soil at Pearl Harbor in 1941, having concluded the World War in 1945, and having witnessed the aftermath of the holocaust, seemed very good reasons for America to add certain restrictions to its borders in reaction to threat. Immigration restrictions put in place just after WWII forced my grandfather and other family members to settle in Sutton, Canada, rather than in the U.S., thus influencing their identity and physically restricting the body from freedom of…

massive influx of asylum seeking refugees pouring through the borders in nations such as Germany, a recipient of nearly 109,000 asylum applications…

Disposability is a very selfish thing that our society welcomes warmly. Our society thinks that if you don 't have good looks, wealth, cool stuff, and other items or qualities that don 't matter in the end. We tend to think of people who are disposable are those that aren 't like us or like others in our community. Society greatly looks at immigrants as disposable people. Many think that this is so because many have come here illegally and haven 't gone through the processes to become legal.…

A nation without borders is not a nation. Today, every country is putting efforts to secure its borders not only from terrorists and drug smugglers, but also from the illegal immigrants. All these recurring activities have sparked the United States to secure its borders against illegal immigrants and terrorism by creating two immigration enforcement agencies: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in the year 2003. ‘Border Patrol Nation’…