Book of Optics

An inverted fluorescence microscope is an inverted compound light microscope equipped with modules to internally separate the different wavelengths of light, and direct them to respective detection channels. Its main components include a light source, an objective, a filter cube and a detection unit, which can be an eyepiece or a camera (Fig.1). Filter cube is a component which separates a fluorescence microscope from a light microscope. It consists of one excitation filter, one emission filter…

Fresnel Equations The intensity of reflection in between two different medium of propagation can be calculated by using Fresnel’s equation. Light can either be s-polarized, p-polarized or unpolarized. The light radiated by the sun is an unpolarized light. In order to calculate the total reflection of an unpolarized light, we must first solve the reflected light using the Fresnel equation for s and p polarized reflection. For simplification purpose, the derivation of Fresnel’s equation will be…

The slide used during the Microscope Lab was a wet-mount slide which was used in order to view the specimens from the microscope. A wet-mount is a method for preparing specimens to view using a microscope. A myriad of specimens look better when placed in a drop of water on the microscope slide. The water supports the sample and fills the space between the coverslip and the slide. This allows light to pass easily through the slide, the sample, and the coverslip. Scientists use the wet-mount…

What is the photon detection efficiency (PDE) of a SiPM? Photon detection efficiency (PDE) refers to the probability that a photon arriving on the SiPM surface is detected, an initiates the process of current pulse generation. PDE is a function of the overvoltage ΔV across the terminals of the APD and wavelength λ of the incident photon. Photon detection efficiency is one of the most important characteristics of a SiPM. PDE is the product of three factors :- Geometrical fill factor (FF), Quantum…

The Kinect V2 is composed of a time-of-flight continues-wave camera with a resolution of 512*424 pixels (width*height), an RGB camera with a resolution of 1920*1080 pixels (width*height), an array of 4 microphones and some electronics for signal elaboration. The camera is able to acquire images at a maximum frequency of 30 Hz. Sending out invisible structures pulses into the scene whilst measuring the individual traveling time of each point in the pulse (See figure 3.1, page 16). The operating…

Abstract- The main material and focus in this lab is the compound light microscope. During this lab you will check the microscopes by drawing what you see to make sure the high and low powers work properly. After you tested your microscope you take a toothpick and scrap it on the side of you mouth and examine what you see through the microscope, your final results should be a drawing of what you saw through both the high and low powered lens. Introduction- This lab is based on the…

During the unit, I have been practicing many drawing techniques such as contour, gesture, line and value with a variety of different medias. I even went and learned to identify these techniques in other artist's work. While doing my transformation project, I realized that drawing and observing related. This eventually helped me very much in making my Transformation Art Project showed above. This gif is made out of a total of four drawn images. To make them, I observed my model very closely and…

which was proposed by the national government in The Hague. By them, it was talked about how these devices could make far away things look closer than they really were. The lenses and optics that were put into this device was thought to be first found out in the 10th century by Egyptian physician Alhazen who studied optics for a very long time. These first known telescopes were very basic and not as advanced as telescopes nowadays are.…

The Schlieren photographs taken in this lab, attached in Appendix B, show how the flow develops with respect to the flow exit pressure that is controlled by the opening of the valve. Schlieren photography is made possible by the variation of refraction index of gases in different density. To be more specific, the Schlieren photographs are taken in an environment with a collimated light. Without external interference, a collimated light should propagate in parallel for an infinite distance;…

My first image, which conveyed detail, depicted a banquet being served on the Dean Dome basketball court. I chose to use this image for several reasons, including its repetitiveness, unique color, and relative uniformity. Although many of my classmates chose to photograph minute details of a single subject, such as a piece of wood or stream of running water, I found that this photograph was more expressive of detail in a much larger subject. When taking this photo, I intended to capture as many…