Bones of the lower limb

per volume. These oxygen levels are not high enough to provide the muscles with the necessary energy so to compensate the body releases the hormone erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell production. When the athletes head to competition at lower altitudes the take advantage of this increased ability to absorb oxygen, improving performance. 3. During agglutination the antibodies in the recipient’s plasma interact with the antigens on…

perception of a slightly different image from each eye. The ears contain three bones in the middle portion of the ear, and they they typically have a shortened snout. Primates have various types of teeth, so they are able to ingest a variety of different foods. To add more support for the mammal, the clavicle, or collarbone, is needed to link the appendages to the body, and there are two separate bones in the forearm and lower leg instead of just one. Primates have opposable thumbs and nails…

environment experienced on the ISS is not where humans best survive. Almost immediately upon entry to the environment, the bones and muscles within the human body begin to break down. Muscle loss is able to be mostly prevented through exercise, though the routines practiced in orbit are not enough compared to the day-to-day use that their Earth-bound counterparts experience. Bone loss has proven to be an even bigger struggle as skeletal repair system and its prompts are still not completely…

was normal (fig 1). MRI highlighted an important tumoral mass in the soft parts of the thigh extending to the bone (fig 2). A surgical biopsy was performed and the histology favored extraosseous Ewing's sarcoma. The patient died from complications of chemotherapy. Discussion Ewing's sarcoma is a variety of sarcoma originally called reticuloendothelial. It may evolve in the bone marrow: bone sarcoma develops among children from 10 to 14 years old. There are also extraosseous localizations [1].…

Mr A is 76 year old male who is living alone. His wife died before 1 year. He is taking care of himself. He has history of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. He is on insulin injections for control of diabetes. He has history of hypertension, osteoarthritis, ischemic heart disease, obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GORD). He suffered from recent fall and underwent hip replacement surgery. He is shifted in rehabilitation centre after surgery. In this paper author will analyse…

interest since 1956. In that year, the first bone marrow transplant was performed by Dr. E Donnall Thomas in the state of New York. The patient had received radiotherapy and then received a bone marrow transplant from an identical twin that then cured the patient’s leukemia. Four years later, Researchers had made extreme advancements in the discovery of bone marrow and its contents. They found there is at least two kinds of stem cells that are present in bone marrow. From here on, researchers…

The first mammals evolved from mammal-like reptiles at the end of the triassic period. Therapsids, or mammal-like reptiles, is an order of reptiles that lived in the Permian and Triassic Periods before going extinct in the mid Jurassic Period. It is difficult for scientist to determine when the divide between therapsids and mammals occurred. Early mammals had small, mouselike forms. Very few were large, because dinosaurs were the unquestioned dominant land animals on earth. The ecological niche…

There's also a chance (about 4%) that the baby might flip back into a breech position before delivery, so some doctors may induce labor immediately. The closer you are to your due date, lower the risk of baby reverting back to its breech position. But, bigger the baby, the harder it is to turn her.The procedure can be uncomfortable for the mother, but if successful, cesarean can be avoided. However, if the baby cannot be moved into the…

the negative effects of long-term spaceflight. Microgravity in space causes a decrease in bone density. Some astronauts are prone to get bone fractures after their space mission; some astronauts have to lay on the stretcher after landing. Such phenomenons let scientists make assumption that long time space travel may decline bone density of human beings. Since observing the change in distribution of bone density requires a long time…

An artificial pancreas does not replace the actual pancreas. It only takes over one of the responsibilities of the pancreas, which is regulating blood glucose levels. This system observes blood glucose levels and alters the delivery of insulin to lower high blood glucose levels and reduce the occurrence of low blood glucose automatically. The artificial pancreas system consists of three types of devices, namely continuous glucose monitor (CGM), blood glucose device (BGD) and insulin infusion…