Boltzmann constant

In this case methyl orange can be used as the indicator, pH arc being 3,1...4,4, or methyl red, pH arc being 4,4...6,2. If the pH value is bigger than the arc then the indicators will give a yellow colour to the solution, if smaller then a red colour. Total hardness is the sum of amount of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions and is determined via complex-titration. Here is the stoichiometric point found by using different complex ions with different colours. The solution is titrated with…

As the dependence on lithium batteries increased with an elevated demand for clean energy, it became increasingly important to consider the effect of these batteries on the environment. Nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) made up many of these batteries and could dissociate in aquatic environments. Prior experiments, such as Hang et. Al. 2016, reported detrimental effects of dissociated NMC on aquatic microorganisms.1 In the first part of this project, the objective was to explore and develop an…

DISCUSSSIONNN ————————— 1+2.) The results gathered showed that compound A had two spots, lower spot had an rf value of 0.48 and upper spot had an rf value of 0.77, this shows that compound A contained both paracetamol which has an rf value of 0.48 and caffeine which has an rf value of 0.77. Compound B had an rf value of 0.77 which is the same as caffeine therefore compound B contained caffeine. Compound C had an rf value of 0.48 which is the same as paracetamol therefore compound C contained…

A graph is plotted between dielectric constant (εr) versus log frequency for different temperatures 30 0C, 60 0C, 90 0C and 120 0C for Tb3+: SA single crystals. From the Fig12(a) we can conclude that dielectric constant is high at low frequencies which is because of space charge polarization [61] which depends on purity and perfection of the sample. The maximum values of dielectric constant is 6.9, 6.8 for SR and SEST grown Tb3+: SA single crystals respectively,…

Experiment 4: Kinetics of Nucleophilic Substitutions 1. Determine the effect of varying [OH-] on the rate of the reaction. To do this, you should complete the following table: Experiment [tBuCl]0 (M) [OH-]0 (M) Time (s) Reaction rate (M/s) Rate constant (s-1) 1 0.03 0.003 65 4.89 · 10-5 1.62 · 10-3 2 0.03 0.006 213 3.15 · 10-5 1.05 · 10-3 3 0.03 0.009 362 2.96 · 10-5 9.85 · 10-4 What is the dependence of [OH-] on the rate law? The effect of the increased or…

3.11.2. Effects of pH The pH is a very important parameter which controls the extent of photoassisted degradation. The effects of pH on degradation of CR were investigated using 15.0 mg of LDH; 1x10-5 M CR solution in the pH range of 4.0 to 11.0, adjusted by addition of either 0.1 M HCl or NaOH. The plot of C/C0 vs. irradiation time of aqueous CR is presented in Fig.12(B). The efficiency of photodegradation of aqueous CR was found to be higher in the acidic medium particularly at pH 4 (~99.7%)…

Research Question How does the change in hydrochloric acid concentration affect the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3(aq)) and hydrochloric acid (HCL(aq))? Background to the Research question Collision Theory Back in 1916, scientists William Lewis and Max Trautz proposed the collision theory, which qualitatively explains how chemical reactions take place and why reaction rates change for various reactions. Chemical reactions involve collisions amongst reactant particles or…

The first objective of Lab 4 is to use structure activity relationships to predict the properties of an acid and the potency of hallucinogenic compounds. The overall goal of the laboratory is to examine quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR) in a system that is either chemical or biochemical. The lab is divided into two parts; predicting the acidity of an organic acid, and predicting the hallucinogenicity of derivatives of mescaline. The materials of this lab for both part 1 and…

Graph 4 demonstrates the correlation between the transmittance and concentration levels of KMnO4, in how as the levels of concentration increase, the transmittance decreases. The experiment during week 2 was very similar to week 1 except we used potassium phosphate instead of potassium permanganate. Table 3 demonstrates the effect of wavelength on T% and absorbance. The same equation used for Table 2 was used in Table 3 in order, to calculate the absorbance. The highest absorbance level was…

It is essential for pharmacists to be able to predict the theoretical rate kinetics of pharmaceutical products in order to determine its shelf life. As the shelf life is defined by (t90), which is the availability of greater or equal to 90% of the drug, it is important to discover the rate of degradation of a drug to ensure that the patients receive an adequate dose of the drug. In this experiment, the stability of the active ingredient of Aspro Clear is investigated to identify the rate of…