Boltzmann constant

understand climate and climate change we shall understand the sun and its behavior, the oceans, icecaps, the solid earth and all living things in the biosphere. The flux of solar energy that reaches the top of the atmosphere is constant and it is called solar constant. The solar constant reaching the atmosphere is 1,369 x 103 KW/m2.. But in average terms, only a fraction of this energy, around 342 KW/m2 generates a dynamics between the atmosphere and the Earth surface, which is perceived…

Energy is a mysterious and everlasting component which exists within the universe; it is the existential source of power which human beings have harnessed through technology in order to progress and evolve. It is fair to note that energy is quintessential to every action and reaction occurring in the universe at all times. Furthermore, the law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can be transferred between different forms and states and even between…

Fig.7, shows that, the insulator behavior of the PVA for pure PVA. But, with increasing the time of reaction there is an improvement in the electrical conductivity of the PVA-Ag nanocomposite films. Fig.7 shows that, the (I–V) characteristic of the samples, and the inset of Fig. 7 shows the relation between the conductivity and time of reaction. Then, the dc conductivity was calculated at the (voltage = 10 V) using the relation. (S/cm) Where (d) is the sample thickness, (A) is the area of…

Electrical properties Figure. 8 shows the temperature dependence of resistivity of the Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes. As seen, the data reveal a semiconductor behavior where the resistivity decreases with the increases of temperature. The decrease of the electrical resistivity with increase of temperature is resulted from the increase of the charge carriers that can overcome the energy barrier and participate in the electrical conduction where in metal complexes, the metal…

Abstract The purpose of this experiment is to determine the relationship between the temperature and pressure of air at constant volume which placed the Jolly’s bulb in water of different temperature. At the constant volume of the air in the Jolly’s bulb, the temperature and pressure of the air are measured and recorded throughout the experiment. The result shows that the pressure of the air in the Jolly’s bulb increases as the temperature rises, and the pressure decreases as the temperature…

dielectric time constant decrease, thus the field distribution can reach the steady state condition rapidly. The three equations 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 demonstrate the electrical behaviour of a weakly conductive of insulation material, while equation 3.9 which is the result of combining these three equations describe the accumulated space charge when the time derivation of current density is not zero and the ratio between permittivity and conductivity ( (ε_"0" ε_"r" )/σ) is not constant across…

Superfluid helium or He II is a macroscopic quantum fluid that exhibits extraordinary properties. %By applying the limit of low flow velocities, The behavior of the fluid can be understood using a Landau - Tisza model, where He II is considered to be a two-component fluid with independent velocity fields: the inviscid superfluid of density $\rho_s$, and the normal fluid of density $\rho_n$, where the total density $\rho$ = $\rho_s$ + $\rho_n$ \cite{Tisza,Landau}. The superfluid has neither…

Lord Kelvin showed that, for small temperature differences, the thermoelectric voltage produced between the hot and cold ends of two dissimilar materials is proportional to the temperature difference between the two ends.11) The proportionality constant S is here, known as the Seebeck coefficient and is defined…

to natural convection: Qc = Hcm As (Ts-Ta) (1) As = πDL (2) (3) (4) c and n are constant taken from table 1 page H2-4 in the lab manual (5) (6) Hcm can be calculated by a simplified…

Metal electrodeposition is the process of reduction reaction and crystallization of metal ions in an electrolytic cell according to the mechanism of electrolysis. Electrodeposition is one of the main methods for improving and enhancing the metal substrate property. Now, in order to overcome the defect of single electrodeposition with shortcomings of cracks, pores, pits, pocking and so on, the modern new techniques sprang up such as jet electrodeposition [1], ultrasonic vibration assisted…