Paper Mache What is papier mache? Papier mache is a composite material usually including pieces of paper or pulp, sometimes reinforced some sort of textile, and held together by an adhesive. There are two main ways to make papier mache. The first and simplest way is to tear strips of paper and glue them down over your mold. The second way is obtained by soaking the paper or boiling it in hot water, creating a material known as paper pulp, to which then glue or adhesive is added. With either method the mache will need some kind of support, usually coming in the form of small gauge chicken wire, inflated balloons, or lightweight textiles. Despite “papier mache” being French for “chewed paper,” papier mache actually did not originate in France. China, the inventors of paper, had been…
EXTRACTION Raw materials: The three main sources for pulp production are recycled paper, trees (soft and hard wood) and byproducts (ex. wood chips, saw dusts, etc.). The logs are debarked, and some are chipped down and both are delivered to the pulp industry for conversion. Water is also required throughout the process in great quantity. PRIMARY PRODUCTION (Pulping) Logs, recycled papers, and byproducts are delivered to pulp industries where they go through the process of being turned into…
Environmental Issues Waste water generation: The wastewater produced during the chemical processes contains high concentration of chemicals such as bisulfites, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfide, chlorine dioxide, hydrochloric acid, calcium oxide etc which is potentially unsafe to purge directly into the environment. Sludge by waste water treatment: The significant solid wastes such as lime mud, lime slaker grits, green liquor dregs, boiler and furnace ash, scrubber sludges,…
recruitment were being affected. It has shown to continually decrease the number of bryozoans which are a crucial source of fuel for over 400 marine animals, including fish and echinoids (Mayer-Pinto 2017). The bryozoans are filter feeders that circulate and clean up to 48,600 gallons of seawater per year (Wright 2014, para. Animal Diversity Web). If fish and other marine animals are not receiving enough food and nutrients this affects their health and survival, and this in turn prevents humans…
Only this day was a bit different than any Darren had ever experienced. Wes, the wood yard Superintendent, had just left the meeting. This was not unusual in that frequently one or two Superintendents might leave the meeting for a few minutes to respond via radio to ongoing problems out in the mill. Wes returned with a puzzled look on his face and interrupted the meeting with this statement: "Darren, the consultant we hired to work with our wood yard employees is on the phone. He wants to talk…
increase with thicker basis weights. (See Exhibit 1 for material costs associated with each product, or grade.) Thus, unit level (or volume-related) drivers made sense for applying certain types of overhead to products. However, other important costs were incurred without respect to volume. For example, grade changes induce instabilities into the manufacturing process that result in scrap until the process resumes stability. On average, production engineers estimate that approximately one-half…
juice. They increase the yield of juices by enzymatic liquifiaction of pulps; pectinases also helps in formation of pulpy products by macerating the organized tissue into suspension of intact cells. In textile processing and bioscouring of cotton fiber; Pectinases have been used in combination with amylases, lipases, cellulases and hemicellulases to take off sizing agents from cotton in a safe and ecofriendly technique, replacing toxic caustic soda used for the purpose previously (Hoondal et…
Chemically, polyester (or many esters) is primarily a family of polymers wherein the monomers belong to the category “esters”. The most commonly used polyester is the polymer of diglycol terephthalate and is called polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Nylon is a group of polymers, which can be classified as polyamides. Today several types of nylon are produced with properties tuned to meet customer specifications. The most commonly used ones are nylon-6 (which is manufactured from caprolactam) and…
restaurant property. Initial clearing and grading land improvements for gas utility property and electric utility transmission and distribution plants. Any water utility property. Certain electric transmission property used in the transmission at 69 or more kilovolts of electricity for sale and placed in service after April 11, 2005. Natural gas gathering and distribution lines placed in service after April 11, 2005. Example 1. Richard Green is a paper manufacturer. During the year, he made…