Biogeography

Title: Multi-Objective LPO by Fuzzy Gravitational Search Algorithm in WWER1000 Authors: M. Aghaiea,*, S.M. Mahmoudib a Engineering Department, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C, P.O. Box: 1983963113, Tehran, Iran bFaculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran. Number of manuscript pages: Number of figures: Number of tables: * Corresponding author Email: M_Aghaie@sbu.ac.ir Fax: +98 21 29902546 Abstract The…

new island is called Anak Krakatau, meaning “Child of Krakatoa”. This new child volcano is a hot spot for scientific study. Volcanologists have been studying Anak Krakatau extensively since 1960. Anak Krakatau is also a site of study for island biogeography and founder populations. Anak Krakatau is currently active and is growing at a rate of 13 cm per week. (The Eruption of Krakatoa) The 1883 eruption of Krakatoa was undeniably devastating. Men, women and children alike lost their lives during…

Griffen L. 2003. Inheritance and natural selection on functional traits. Int J Plant Sci. 164(3):21-42. Habel JC, Ulrich W, Asssmann T. 2013. Allele elimination recalculated: nested subset analyses for molecular biogeographical data. Journal of Biogeography. 40(4):769-777. Harrison RG. 1991. Molecular Changes at Speciation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 22:281-308. Holt RD. 1977. Predation, Apparent Competition, and the Structure of Prey Communities. Theor Popul Biol. 12(2):197-229.…

Natural selection Natural selection is when an organism is born with a mutation that is advantageous to its species survival and reproduction. There are four components in Darwin’s theory of natural selection, the first is variation within the community of organisms as they will all exhibit different behavioural traits and have a different appearance though some characteristics stay the same like the number of eyes in vertebrates. The second is inheritance which is when a child possesses traits…

Natural selection is a key mechanism of the evolutionary process and relates to the occurrence of certain traits within a population and they way in which these traits affect the survival and reproductive success of an organism. Organisms need to be able to adapt to their environment in order to survive and reproduce. Any advantageous traits that occur within a population increase an individual’s chance of survival, thus resulting in the organism producing more offspring than those who have not…

During the Ice Ages is when some of the glaciers seen today were formed. Species had to adapt to the drastic change in weather so in today’s warm weather world they have adapted as well. Issues with the glaciers melting is that it is making the water cooler and therefore changing their environment of the fish and other species living in those areas. Glaciers are not the only signs of a change in weather. Hurricanes have become more common and stronger due to saturation levels. The Earth and its…

beginning of travel into all over Eurasia, and made way for future species to come. The commencement of their journey was not just a thought to leave, but rather made up of different factors. To start, according to the article Venturing out safely: The biogeography of Homo erectus dispersal out of Africa, Homo erectus’ lifestyle changes are categorized into two possible candidates: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic in this context relates to the population growth of H. erectus, while the…

Recombinant DNA is genetically engineered DNA that is formed by splicing fragments of DNA. Organismal cloning is the artificial creation of a new organism that is genetically identical to its counterpart. DNA cloning is a recombinant DNA technique where cDNAs and fragments of genomic DNA are inserted into a cloning vector and maintained during growth of the host cells. Vector is an agent that transfers genetic material into a cell or organism. Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes that find…

In recent decades, there has been an increased level of concern about the upward trend of average global temperature caused by climate change. Global surface temperature in 1999 increased at a higher rate than any other recordings of the previous years, going from changes of a couple hundredths to the more previous change of 0.2˚C (Hansen et al, 1999). The rising of average global temperatures is a worldwide problem, and this temperature change seems to be an ongoing upward tendency. Global…

Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1959. Martin, R.D. “Primates: a Definition.” In Major topics in primate and human evolution, eds. B. Wood, L. Martin, and P. Andrews. 1-31. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1986. McKenna, M. Early History and Biogeography of South America's Extinct Land Mammals. New York: Plenum, 1980. Mivart, S.G. “On Lepilemur and Cheirogaleus, and on the Zoological Rank of the Lemuroidea.” Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (1873): 484-510. Napier,…