Biogeography

No one has influenced our knowledge of life on Earth as much as the English naturalist Charles Darwin 1809-1882. His theory of evolution by natural selection, now the unifying theory of the life sciences, explained where all of the astonishingly diverse kinds of living things came from and how they became exquisitely adapted to their particular environments. His theory reconciled a host of diverse kinds of evidence such as the progressive fossil record, geographical distribution of species,…

2.3.2 PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION (PSO) Particle Swarm Optimization [27] is a population-based stochastic optimization developed by Dr. Ebehart and Dr. Kennedy in 1995, inspired by social behavior of bird flocking or fish schooling. In PSO, each single solution is a “bird” (particle) in the search space of food (the best solution). All particles have fitness values evaluated by the fitness function (the cost function for ELD problem), and have velocities that direct the “flying” (or evaluation)…

How do scientists explain and support the argument for biological evolution? From the recent trip to the Minnesota Zoo, labs performed in class and multiple readings these things have shown students the dynamics of evolution. Scientists, like Charles Darwin, who have focused studies on certain organisms like the Galapagos Island finches have played a large role in our knowledge today about biological evolution, natural selection and descent with modification. Over many generations and an…

Dating back into the beginnings of mankind, travel has long been a reoccurring trait in human history. With some in search for resources, and others in search for the meaning of life, the universal pattern regarding a journey merged into the search for knowledge. Cavafy echoes this sentiment in his poem Ithaka which communicates that you will be “rich with all [the knowledge and experiences] you have gained” after arriving at your destination. Like the promises made in the poem, Alexander von…

The Amazing Spiderman is directed by Marc Webb. The duration time for this movie is 2 hours 16 minutes. In order to relate the evolution in this movie, we require understanding the definition of evolution. As we know, evolution in Latin is mean to unroll or to discover. Generally, evolution is refers to any change over time and often restricted to biological change. Biological evolution suggesting that species are descent from more ancient forms of life through a structural and physiological…

Charles Darwin was a prolific and monumental figure in biology and modern science as a whole. Through his theory of evolution most of the current knowledge of biology is derived. Throughout the chapters X, XI, XII, and XIV of The Origin of Species Darwin argues that there is a mechanism that drives an evolution of species and that species inherently transform and mutate over long periods of time. Darwin argues that species have mechanisms and methods that modify them over long periods of time…

1. The Earth rotates from the…………………………… a) west towards east b) east towards west c) north towards south d) south towards north 2. The Earth orbits the Sun at a speed of………………….. a) 100,800 km/h b) 108,000 km/h c) 152,097,701 km/h d) 147,098,074 km/h 3. Tsunami can be cause of ……………… a) Volcano b) Avalanche c) Tornado d) Earthquake 4. Seasons happen because a) The earth’s axis is inclined by 66½° b) The earth’s revolution around the sun c) The rotation of earth d) United effect of (a) and…

Biogeography, which is a study that deals with the geographical dispersal of organisms and species, enabled Darwin to discover creatures that roughly have the same body plan despite the species’s adaption to different environments, food resources and climatic…

Charles Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, England, on February 12, 1809. In 1831, he left on a five-year overview voyage far and wide on the HMS Beagle. His investigations of examples around the world drove him to plan his hypothesis of advancement and his perspectives on the procedure of characteristic determination. In 1859, he distributed On the Origin of Species. He kicked the bucket on April 19, 1882, in London.Darwin was much more slanted to study regular history. Darwin exhibited that the…

II. Nature is not a Museum The gymnosperms are often called ‘Living Fossils’, or are dismissed as being primitive. Gymnosperms are indeed ancient: originating in the carboniferous period (Bowe, Coat, & dePamphilis, 2000). They can be divided into four monophyletic groups: ginkophytes, gnetophytes, cycads, and the largest of the four (with more than 600 extant species), conifers. Conifers account for the greatest diversity amongst the gymnosperms. This diversity might pale in comparison to that…