Biodiesel

For the reactive flash volatilization (RFV) process based on the knowledge that the catalyst bed is preheated to high temperature, pyrolysis of the heated cellulose particles on the surface of the bed is expected to be fast enough that it will not be a rate-limiting step. Hence, the kinetics of the RFV of cellulose reduces to gasification of the produced volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on and in the catalyst bed. To represent the RFV of the VOCs from flash pyrolysis of cellulose, Aspen Plus…

Climate Change: Fault in Humanity Bill Mckibben’s essay makes several claims relating to the ongoing climate changes happening. Mckibben emphasizes that society is not doing enough to help stunt the negative change in climate. He targets the educated social class who have an ability to make a change and those who call out others for hypocrisy. Mckibben assembles several claims that hold truth in them using anecdotal and common sense evidences, but lacks to use sufficient numbers, statistics,…

Crude oil is becoming scarce throughout the world. Due to the heavy reliance on petroleum-based oil in the United States, the conversion from petroleum-based economies to bioenergy sustained economies is of utmost importance. In the United States, corn is considered to be a cheap energy crop and is widely cultivated for ethanol production. In contrast to corn, switchgrass is an easily cultivated plant that can be used for lignocellulosic biomass and ethanol production. Switchgrass (Panicum…

Zara is the leading brand in the portfolio of Inditex, the Spanish fashion group founded in 1975. It accounts for almost one third of the Group stores and two thirds of revenue. By the end of 2013 Zara had 1827 stores opened globally on 88 markets and continued its online expansion by launching online sales in South Korea and Mexico making total online presence on 27 markets. The original business idea of Zara was to link customer demand to production by following the fashion trends and to…

What are the implications of climate change to development? Climate change is one of the most fundamental challenges ever to confront humanity. Its implication on development is all-encompassing, affecting food security, health and safety, infrastructure, international trade, and the overall economy of a country. It also affects development policies in terms of tradeoffs, short-term actions versus long-term benefits, and individual choices versus global consequences. According to the…

Research Question: To what extent will the marketing strategy of McDonalds have to change as they move into a new market? Source 1: • Marketing communication methods, such as advertising and promotions, are used to create the colours, designs and images, which make the brand more recognizable. • Additionally, economic, legal and technological changes, social factors, the retail environment and many other elements affect McDonald’s success in the market. • For McDonald’s to be successful in…

Corporate social and environmental responsibility The term corporate social responsibility (CSR) appears for the first time in early 1970. Since then, it continues to develop and have different definitions and perceptions among private and government sector, and civil organizations. Corporate responsibly in relation to internal stakeholders and shareholders on local and national level, as well as, performance in serving the society and global community are the most common perspectives accepted…

As have been mentioned earlier in Chapter 1, the objective of this study is to do comparison of physico-chemical properties catalysts from different types of sulfonation methods and the effect to catalytic performance in biodiesel production. Therefore, there are four types of sulfonation methods had been used to synthesis the carbohydrate-derived solid acid catalyst; method 1: sulfonation by thermal decomposition of ammonium sulphate (NH4SO4), method 2: sulfonation by thermal…

A bi-fuel vehicle allows the use of two or more alternative fuels to be used in the vehicles. Some of the alternate fuels include: ethanol, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), and diesel/biodiesel. Because of alternate fuels being produced, the emission testing also increased to make sure that there wasn’t a high amount of exhaust hazards polluting the air. The only place these fuels were for sale was in the high production areas of corn…

are thermostable and resistant to chemical denaturation. Thermostable lipases are employed in various industries which includes food and diary, fat and oil modification, detergent, cosmetic, pharmaceuticals, organic synthesis, oleo-chemical and biodiesel production. The high potential of lipase application in various industries has resulted in increasing demands for new lipase which is highly active with specific stability to temperature, pH, ionic strength, surfactants and organic…