Biodegradation

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    Polyethylene Terephthalate

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    Polyethylene terephthalate, most commonly known as plastic, is a material consisting of a wide range of synthetic and/or semi-synthetic organics that are malleable/ductile and can be molded into many solid objects. Plastics are typically made of organic polymers (chains of carbon or chains of carbon that have been bonded to other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur) having high molecular masses, but often contain other substances. Usually being synthetic, and most commonly made from petrochemicals. Due to plastic having a relatively low cost, easily manufacturable, highly versatile, and it being impermeable to water, plastics are used in virtually everything with an expanding range of products, from cups to writing utensils. Plastics have already replaced many traditional materials, such as wood, stone, leather, paper, metal, glass, and many more. In developed countries such as the United States, about a third of their plastics are used in packaging and another third in buildings such as piping used in plumbing. Many chemists such as Nobel laureate Hermann Staudinger (the father of polymer chemistry) and Herman Mark (the father of polymer physics) contributed to the development of plastics, these two chemists are most known for their contributions to discovering the substance as we know today as plastic. The success and dominance of plastics that started in the early 20th century led to enormous environmental concerns regarding its slow decomposition rate after…

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    In conclusion, the authors found that chloride and sulfate anions influenced in the degradation rates of phenol, 2-chloro- and 2-nitrophenol under Fenton reactions. However, the chloride anion has a higher affectation in these systems. In the case of 2-chlorophenol the degradation rates are slower because the presence of additional chloride radicals from the abstraction reactions as mentioned above. Lastly, chlorides and sulfates influence the biodegradation of phenolic compounds in a different…

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    To time-travel back a decade and disclose that coffee is traded in the form of individual packets alike its complementary cream or sugar would result in a roar of laughter. Nevertheless, the ability to elude the act of rinsing and preparing of coffee capsules has generated the premium level of convenience for consumers, bestowing coffee companies with tremendous success. In fact, the coffee capsule market has unimaginably expanded to the extent where environmental concerns regarding the…

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    substantially biodegradable. The table 2 shows the results for the 3 phenolic compounds: Table 2.Comparison between Ph, 2Cl-Ph and 2NO2 –Ph removal (%), COD removal (%), and value of BOD/COD ratio in the presence of sulfate and chloride ions (initial concentration). For phenol, in the presence of chloride or sulfate, the system supports biodegradations. However, it can be observed that biodegradation increased with the increase of H2O2 concentration. The presence of chloride inhibited the…

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    adaptation using BTEX mixture as a sole carbon and energy source. The microbial utilization of hydrocarbons is known dependent on the contaminants chemical structures, and an extensive methylation (as in xylenes) can inhibit the initial oxidation of contaminants (Atlas, 1981). However, the bioremoval of BTEX under the aerobic condition in current study was still much higher compared to the previous study under the anaerobic condition (Dou et al., 2008) where very little biodegradation was…

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    Biostimulation of microorganisms by the addition of nutrients because the input of large quantities of carbon sources tends to result in a rapid depletion of the available pools of major inorganic nutrients such as N and P (Sang-Hwan et al.,2007). An example of this is the addition of fertilizer to an oil wastewater. Lastly, is the Phytoremediation which vegetation based remediation shows potential for accumulating, immobilizing, and transforming a low level of persistent contaminants. In…

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    1. What is the difference between calcium carbonate and hydroxyapatite? Calcium carbonate is more soluble than hydroxyapatite. 2. What are the pitfalls of using CHA in bone graft procedures? CHA is fragile an brittle and it should only be used temporarily 3. What is CHACC and what potentially makes it better than CHA? CHACC is Coralline Hydroxyapatite/calcium carbonate. CHACC is better than CHA because it can keep a porous structure as well s biocompatibility making it a even better…

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    Chloroethene Lab Report

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    hydrocarbon chain by covalent bonds. As shown below in FIGURE 1, chlorinated solvents can be in three forms, dependent on the chemical structure: chlorinated methanes, chlorinated ethanes, and chlorinated ethenes. As the chemical structure of a chlorinated solvent becomes more complex, that compound is more persistent in the environment and thus, becomes more difficult to degrade. Perchloroethene (PCE) is among the most frequently-encountered contaminants in the environment and has one of the…

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    Nutrient Agar

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    there is a steady strain on the air we breathe, the water we drink and the soil or land on which we live and which provides us livelihood.The Xenobiotic compounds undergo a number of processes in the environment and interact with living entities i.e., cells, organs and tissues, and cause significant impairment of physiological functions. Environmental biotechnology is developing fast. This is proved by the fact that biotechnology has a growth rate of 7 percent in the market of food and…

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    Molds In Deuteromycota

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    In the past, most molds(fungi) were classified within the Deuteromycota but now can be classified into divisons of zygomycota and ascomycota. Slime molds are different they are now classified into protista. Molds cause biodegradation of natural materials, which can be unwanted when it becomes food spoilage or damage to property. Typically, molds secrete hydrolytic enzymes, mainly from the hyphal tips. These enzymes degrade complex biopolymers such as starch, cellulose and lignin into simpler…

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