Bilirubin

After years of paper-based health records, a new and more improved way of keeping healthcare records has emerged in more recent years. The electronic health record is an electronic format of a patient’s current and past medical history. Electronic health records are maintained by a provider that is capable of sharing healthcare information such as provider notes, injuries, past surgeries, medications, and allergies by network connected information systems. Whether confronted by natural disasters…

The World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Development Fund, the National Institute of Health, as well as pharmaceutical companies, clinicians and researchers abide by guidelines established through the ideology of “universal usefulness,” which is defined as “benefiting...more than one group or country…[applicable] to several, [and] preferably all, population groups and ...extending to current and future generations” (Feierman 189). However, is instituting a universalist goal from…

2. The six major constituents of bile from highest to lowest are bile salt, phospholipids, cholesterol, bilirubin, inorganic salts, and metals. (Farina-2009) Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. One of the functions of bile salts is to break the fats into smaller masses for easier digestion. (Taylor-2013) 3. Heating an enzyme makes…

Docetaxel, also known as toxetere, is used as an anti- cancer chemotherapy drug. It is used to treat cases of breast, lung, prostate, head, and neck cancer. Docetaxel is administered through IV. The amount of docetaxel patients receive depends on a lot of factors. Factors such as height, weight, the type of cancer being treated, and how far along the cancer has developed factors into how much medicine the patients receive. Use of docetaxel can result in low white and red blood cell counts. This…

Where\\ \textit{A} denotes attenuation of the incident light,\\ \textit{$\alpha $} denotes the wavelength of the incident light,\\ \textit{C} denotes the concentration of the absorber,\\ \textit{d} denotes the geometrical pathlength,\\ \textit{B} denotes the pathlength correction factor and\\ \textit{G} is the additive term for scattering losses \begin{minipage}{\columnwidth} \centering \includegraphics [width=0.75\textwidth] {figures/mbl.png} \captionof{figure}{The modified Beer-Lambert law…

INTRODUCTION: Alcohol is a part of New Zealand culture and is considered as an inevitable factor for celebrations and for relieving stress (“Alcohol misuse”, 2016). Long-term high rate of alcohol consumption can lead to alcohol misuse and make people dependent on alcohol. It has now become a very common thing to see an alcoholic patient presenting to the hospital frequently to treat the withdrawal symptoms. Most of the patients admitted with Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome (AWS) have multiple…

Background In 2014, the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) and European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) published a new set of practice guidelines for Hepatic Encephalopathy (Vistrup et al., 2014). These guidelines define Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE) as “a brain dysfunction caused by liver insufficiency and/or portosystemic shunting, and manifests as a wide spectrum of neurological/psychiatric abnormalities ranging from subclinical alterations to coma”…

Urinalysis Every patient with abdominal pain should provide a clean specimen of urine for urinalysis. Blood in the urine may indicate infection or a urinary tract stone. Infection may also cause the presence of protein, nitrites or leukocytes. Bilirubin in the urine may be indicative of hepatic or biliary disease and ketones may be present in anorexia, vomiting or diabetic ketoacidosis (Cook 1996). Female patients who are of menstruating age should have urinary beta human chorionic gonadotrophin…