Beta-lactamase

The field of medicine although obtained remarkable progress in recent decades, infectious illnesses triggered by pathogenic harmful bacteria are still an important risk to public wellness globally (1). Great attention has been paid to the anti-microbial level of resistance due to deaths and death rate from illnesses triggered by proof bacteria(2). Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacteria that can cause different kinds of medical care associated attacks, such as pneumonia, bladder…

TEM-1 B-lactamase and how it reacts with high temperatures, chaotropic salts, detergents and pH values. INTRODUCTION: Primary protein structure is sequence of chain of amino acids. Secondary protein structure is a regularly occurring structure and is mainly formed when a sequence of amino acids are linked between by hydrogen bonds. There are two types of stable secondary structures, the alpha helices…

Doripenem is a carbapenem that has better in vitro potency against P.aeruginosa than meropenem does due to its activity against extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, which ultimately means that it could potentially be effective in clinical aspects. There have also been some positive results in a few phase 3 studies for telavancin, ceftobiprole, and cethromycin, despite their regulatory delays. On the other…

Structure of the Bacterial Cell Wall Bacterial cells differ from mammalian cells due to highly developed cell walls outside the cytoplasmic membranes that provide structural integrity and shape to the cell. Bacteria live in dilute aqueous environments, which causes an intracellular pressure equivalent of 10-25 atm. Without the structural support of the cell wall, the cell is susceptible to lysis and osmotic rupture due to osmotic rupture due to turgor pressure. Figure 1: Comparison between…

which have chromosomally mediated β-lactamase able or skilled to destroy the structure of lactam ring and through plasmid transferred β-lactamases (Dancer, 2001). Cephalosporins (cefotaxime) third generation counter resistance from carbapenemases and AmpC β-lactamases. β-lactamases with carbapenem hydrolysing action have ability to deactivate spectrum of β-lactam. However, fourth generation of cephalosporins (ceftazidime) less vulnerable to AmpC β-lactamases (Andes et al., 2009). Resistance…

global pandemic [1]. The gram positive bacteria acquired resistance through the horizontal gene transfer of mec genes resulting in the expression of penicillin binding proteins, which were modified hindering the mechanism of action of conventional beta lactams [11]. Although vancomycin, a glycopeptide, and a number of other drugs maintain its action against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, there has been reports of emerging resistance [1]. The number of available treatments is…

(Augmentin) consist of amoxicillin and the beta-lactamase inhibitor, clavulanate potassium. This combination results in increased spectrum of action and effectiveness against β-lactamase producing bacteria that is resistant amoxicillin. Amoxicillin is a semisynthetic antibiotic that inhibits its synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins within the bacterial cell wall. Clavulanate, which is a β-lactamase inhibitor, inactivates a broad range of β-lactamase enzymes frequently found in…

Antibiotic sensitivity is the susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics. Susceptibility can vary within bacteria of the same species due to different strains; with some strains being more resistant than others. Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of a microorganism to survive and multiply in the presence of an antimicrobial agent that would normally inhibit or kill this species of microorganism. Antibiotic susceptibility tests are done in order to determine, which specific antimicrobials…

The increasing number of multi-resistant strains is a serious matter of concern, especially in developing countries.(7) Higher mortality has been reported with neonatal sepsis due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Gram-negative bacilli (GNB).(8) The increased mortality is generally not to be due to increased disease severity in patients presenting with ESBL-positive sepsis, but rather due to higher rates of treatment…

strains have development. Since the 1960s, the development of different strains, hospital-acquired MRSAs (HA-MRSA), community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) and livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA), represent sub-groups of MRSA all of which are resistant to [beta]-lactam antibiotics, including penicillin, amoxicillin, oxacillin and methicillin. Given the resistant nature of the bacteria, along with high infection rates – 72,444 cases of invasive MRSA infections in the US per year, MRSA poses a serious…