Beta blocker

imbalance between oxygen supply and oxygen demand in the heart. The three classes of antianginal drug are organic nitrates, beta-adrenergic blockers (beta-blockers), and calcium channel blockers." 1. Organic nitrates 2. Beta-adrenergic blockers (also called beta-blockers) 3. Calcium channel…

Chronic cardiac failure can be defined as ‘a clinical syndrome that develops in response to a cardiac injury or insult that causes decline in the pumping capacity (contractile function) of the heart’ (Lymperopolous et al. 2013). Betty has been experiencing chest pain, a decreased appetite and shortness of breath indicated by her oxygen saturation levels and increased respiratory rate. Additionally, she has bilateral peripheral pitting oedema and has had a cough. These are all signs and symptoms…

exercising, to either to stop smoking or continue without starting to smoking, also discontinue alcohol or illegal drug use. For the patients that have vascular or cardiac conditions follow treatments by an angiotensin that converts enzyme inhibitor or a blocker is prescribe to the resident, and for other patients who had a…

diagnosis: Diagnosis is usually made from patient history and find other causes of heart failure. (The signs and symptoms for heart failure dyspnea, fluid retention, peripheral edema, nausea.) The most helpful tools of the diagnosis is echocardiogram. The chest x-ray identify the heart enlargement. Character’s : • Heart failure symptoms, including unexplained right heart failure • Arrhythmias • Conduction abnormalities • Thromboembolic events • angina pectoris managements : Heart-Healthy…

1 1. Procardia XL is also known as nifedipine, which belongs to a class of drugs called calcium channel blockers that prevent the transmembrane influx of calcium into both cardiac muscle and vascular smooth muscle. The formulation of nifedipine is an extended release tablet that is designed to provide a constant level of drug over a 24-hour period. Within the class of calcium channel blockers, nifedipine belongs to the dihydropyridine variety. 2. Dihydropyridines have a profound effect on the…

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors lower blood pressure and produce vasodilation by inhibiting ACE – blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, key mediators of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS). RAAS is the main mechanism for controlling BP. Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor and works by binding to angiotensin I receptors on smooth muscle – these are joined to a Gq protein and the IP3 signal transduction pathway. ACE usually breaks down bradykinin.…

Kathryn R. is a 57-year old woman who has a history of mitral valve prolapse with regurgitation and high blood pressure. Mitral valve prolapse with regurgitation is a condition where the mitral valve doesn’t close properly, leading to regurgitation where the blood leaks backwards when the heart beats. The blood is then unable to reach the rest of the body, pushing the heart to pump harder in order for the blood to go to the body. Kathryn’s hypertension is a risk factor that has lead to her…

Additionally, thyroid, connective tissue and neoplastic disorders can all effect cardiac function. Vasodilators, beta blockers and calcium channel blockers are associated with prior heart disease and cardiogenic risk factors such as hypertension. Oedema alone does not signify heart disease as it has many causes. In order to improve the diagnostic power of oedema as a sign of heart…

Abstract The road to modern day β-blockers has by no means been unhindered. The creation of humble propranolol in the 1960’s has lead to current life saving therapeutics, regardless of the opposition encountered throughout the journey. The discovery of various β-blockers original compounds may have followed similar paths, but it is the physiological consequences of the drugs that set them apart. Beta-adrenoceptors bind endogenous neurotransmitters such as adrenaline and noradrenaline. It is the…

David Kem examined his fourteen patients with POTS, with an addition of ten healthy patients, by using a receptor-transfected cell-based assay. This assay helps detect whether the alpha and beta adrenergic receptor autoantibodies, the two types of AR autoantibodies, are present in a POTS patient (JAHA abstract). The two autoantibodies cause an abnormal heart rate responses when the patients get tested for the autoimmune condition (The Dysautonomia…