Basilar artery

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The drug release study of Propranolol from the synthesized prodrugs9a and 9c proved that they hydrolyze significantly at pH 6.8 & 7.4. This proves the stability of prodrug at gastric pH and easily gets hydrolyzed at both blood and intestinal pH, and would be available for the action by significantly eliminating the problem of fast metabolism and local irritation when compared to the parent drug. The % CDR of 9c at pH 7.4 was found to be maximum i.e. 92% within 3 hrs and…

2. Physiology Q=(P1 - P2)/ R Q= flow The amount of a liquid moving past a point in a given amount of time. P=Pressure (P1-P2) The amount of force placed on an artery at any given point in time. R= resistance Is the force that must be overcome for flow to occur. Describe the basic flow equation and resistance equation as they relate to vascular flow. b. Define Poiseuille’s Equation, and describe the effect on blood flow of a change in each variable. Poiseuille's equation states that the…

The pacemaker helps treat an issue called arrhythmias. Arrhythmias are problems with the beat of your heartrate. There are 4 different types of arrhythmias, premature which is when you get extra beats (the most common type), Supraventricular tachycardia is when your heart beats too fast, ventricular rhythm issues can halt the ventricle from pumping blood into your body (this could result in cardiac arrest), and Bradycardia is when your heart beats too slow meaning not enough blood gets to your…

In the natural kidney, most components of the blood are first filtered out using ultrafiltration, and then the essential nutrients like glucose, amino acids, etc. and electrolytes like Na, K, Cl, HCO, Ca, Mg, etc. and water are reabsorbed by passive, active, or facilitated transport. The waste products are reabsorbed and therefore are excreted in the urine. The artificial kidney device called hemodialyzers removes excess waste from the blood using the principle of dialysis. The cleansed blood…

We all know that the main functions of the blood are the transport of respiratory gases, digested food or nutrients, waste products, hormones, enzymes and ions from one body part to another, it protects a body against diseases and regulates body temperature. In other words, blood is the essence of life. A body cannot survive without a sufficient amount of blood. Unfortunately, there are people who don’t have the same chances as we do. Let us take the United States as example. Every two…

The All-or-none law is the principle that the strength by which a nerve or muscle fiber responds to a stimulus is independent of the strength of the stimulus. If that stimulus exceeds the threshold potential, the nerve or muscle fiber will give a complete response; otherwise, there is no response. It was first established by the American physiologist Henry Pickering Bowditch in 1871 for the contraction of heart muscle. According to him, describing the relation of response to stimulus, “An…

CASE STUDY 57 years old man Relationship of symptoms P1=P2 ¬¬¬¬ Clinical reasoning Suspected source of symptoms: P1- Acromioclavicular joint, glenohumeral joint, rotator cuff muscles and cervical spine. P2- Glenohumeral joint, rotator cuff muscles, scapulae, cervical spine Early hypothesis: rotator cuff pathology, muscle strain, articular joint problem, osteoarthritis. Patient does not complain sharp or shooting pain that indicate nerve root involvement (Magee 1997, Newham &…

device on a catheter is introduced from the inguinal femoral artery or radial artery until they reach the site of blockage in the heart under X-ray imaging guidance. At the blockage, the balloon is inflated to open the artery, allowing blood to flow. A stent is often placed at the site of blockage to permanently open the artery. (Kushner et al., 2009). The part of the heart muscle does not die immediately after occlusion of coronary artery. If blood supply is restored within a few hours, much of…

In this MRI T-2 Weighted image, the red arrow indicates that there is an excess of Cerebral Spinal Fluid in the intracranial cavity. A condition known as Hydrocephalus, meaning (water in the brain), is caused by an excess of CSF in the intracranial cavity (Blumenfeld, 2010 p. 155). Hydrocephalus can result from an excess of CSF production, obstruction of flow at any point in the ventricles or subarachnoid space, or a decrease in reabsorption via arachnoid granulations (Blumenfeld, 2010 p.…

Chest radiography plays an important role in the detection and diagnosis of disease related to lungs. The chest radiograph specifies the thoracic anatomy and provides high yield, at the low cost [1]. There are some challenges in processing Chest X-ray images. For example, in lung segmentation, the strong edges at the rib cage and clavicle region cause local minima for most minimization approaches. Segmenting the lung apex is also a nontrivial problem because of the changing intensity at the…