Basal ganglia

The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) defines spasmodic dysphonia as an organic, chronic voice disorder that is characterized by forced and strained movement of one or more of the muscles in the larynx, causing an individual’s voice to sound erratic, hoarse, or constricted. There are two primary types of spasmodic dysphonia: adductor spasmodic dysphonia and abductor spasmodic dysphonia. Those who have the adductor type will experience unexpected, involuntary muscle spasms that…

In the human body, motor commands are created in a division of the prefrontal cortex (responsible for higher level cognition) known as the neocortex. The neocortex houses the motor cortex and thus is responsible for motor control, which is the primary impairment in Parkinson’s Disease (Kaas & Stepniewska, 2016 SD). Onset typically follows a significant drop in the presence of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which in this case is generated from a part of the brain called the substantia nigra. The…

Parkinson’s Disease Parkinson's disease is a disorder in the brain, which affects your nervous system. By affecting your powerhouse which in other words the brain it can cause several side effects. This disease can cause shaking and difficulty with walking, any movement of the body, and even face expressions. Parkinson’s disease affects your whole body muscles because it damages your nerve cells in the brain which produce dopamine. The nervous system is the main source that helps you move and…

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is regarded as the second most common neurodegenerative disease and is a result of the loss of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra (Robakis and Fahn, 2015). This deficiency of dopamine produces symptoms such as: tremors, rigidity and bradykinesia in affected patients (de Lau and Breteler, 2006). It is thought that the mitochondrial enzyme, monoamine oxidase (MAO), is involved in the neuropathology of PD. MAO is a flavoenzyme that catalyzes the oxidative…

Parkinson’s Disease Briana Rogers Denver School of Nursing Abstract This paper will discuss Parkinson’s Disease (PD). The pathophysiology, assessment findings, and treatments/diagnoses will be explored. PD is a chronic disease that affects the way your body moves, causing uncontrollable movements. The pathophysiology of PD is idiopathic (having no known cause), but symptoms are known to indicate the disease. We know what happens when PD invades the brain, but we don’t know why. PD is caused…

Causes The causes of Parkinson’s Disease remain unknown, however there have been several theories as to what could cause the debilitating disease. Factors such as age, and genetic predisposition play a major role in the development of the disease. The disease is most common in those over sixty, however, it could take over twenty years for symptoms to develop. Age is the most common factor in the development of the disease, however if the disease is detected early, then it is most likely due to…

The neuromuscular junctions are in all humans and control skeletal muscles and smooth muscles. Skeletal muscles are attached and anchored to the bones, so when they are signaled to constrict, they work similar to a levy system and cause the human body to move (Martyn et. al, 1993). The smooth muscles, however, are not involved with bodily movement; smooth muscles are involved with involuntary function. Both muscle groups are equally important and both require the neuromuscular junction in order…

PARKINSON’S DISEASE Parkinson’s is a neurological disease that carries an onset of chronic and progressive movement disorder. Meaning the results produced by Parkinson’s will continue and worsen throughout time. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (2014) have verified that, there are no known causes of Parkinson’s disease, researchers and scientists have accumulated statistics that leads to genetics and environmental factors that affect Parkinson’s disease. Such as,…

Huntington disease (HD) or HD chorea is progressive neurodegenerative autosomal dominant disease that is defined by the motor, behavioral, and cognitive symptoms that influence “about one in ten thousand people in the western hemispheres” (Novak et al. 234). HD chorea is often identified by the movement difficulties that it causes, and “In fact, when HD was first discovered it was called Huntington’s chorea, as a reference to the uncontrollable, dance-like movement that is common among people…

Parkinson’s disease By: Arielle Kim Approximately ten million people worldwide live with Parkinson’s disease, a chronic and progressive neurological disorder that affects the way you move. This disease can span from a couple years to one’s entire lifetime, worsening as time progresses. Parkinson’s is typically found from the age 60 and onward, but it can also affect people of younger ages. Parkinson’s disease has many symptoms that affect the human body and mind, but the five most recognizable…